Causal Claims and Accounting Essentials

Causal inference involves drawing a connection between two states of affairs and inferring that one caused the other.

Pyramiding Debt and Bidding Up Assets Values

<p>Promotes global monetary cooperation and financial stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) and Certified Financial Planner (CFP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides managers with a balanced, comprehensive view of the business.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Companies must translate their customer-oriented mission statements into concrete goals and measures (time, quality, performance/service, and cost).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focuses on processes that drive customer satisfaction as well as core competencies necessary for market leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intense competition requires making continual improvements to existing products, processes, and the ability to introduce entirely new products with expanded capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates whether the company's strategy, implementation, and execution are contributing to bottom-line improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ESG stands for Environmental, Social, and Governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Companies' environmental, social, and governance performance would improve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of mandates and auditing, discretion over what information to include in sustainability reports, little third-party validation (input data is misleading and incomplete), specious targets, complexity, opaque supply chains, confusing information, and inattention to developing countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measure less, better, mobilize, spend government funds on the right things, and change the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person who acts as a link between people to try to bring about an agreement or reconciliation; a mediator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct exchange valuable objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support productive investment leading to economic growth and ultimately society being better off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to speculative and unproductive investments, ultimately causing economic instability and harming society and nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticipate and counter audiences objections, provide a fair account and a response to negative evidence against your claim, consider and counter rival causes to your casual explanation, ground your assumptions, address rival assumptions, limit your claims, and use precise language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Business/for-profit/private sector, Government/public sector, and Non-profit/NGO/civil society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic, social, and environmental.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social entrepreneurship, cooperatives, and community contribution companies (C3).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary and open membership, democratic member control, member economic participation, autonomy and independence, education, training and information, cooperation among cooperatives, and concern for community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The application of entrepreneurial business skills to the creation of an enterprise whose primary purpose is to solve social and environmental problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A new hybrid corporate model in Canada that allows entrepreneurs to pursue social goals through their business while still generating a profit and providing investment opportunities to like-minded individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group dynamic, management attention, and productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the period when economists and managers adopted different approaches to understanding and guiding business practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Numbers people' focus on quantitative data and efficiency whereas 'people people' emphasize interpersonal skills, leadership, and building relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes that business is a social institution and that managers should focus on achieving concrete results rather than simply following established processes or maintaining hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theory X assumes that people are inherently lazy and need to be closely supervised and motivated by external rewards and punishments. However, Theory Y proposes that people are naturally motivated and capable of self-direction and that their inherent potential can be harnessed through a more collaborative management approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He argues that organizations should focus on strategic adaptation in a rapidly changing world. Effective management is not a passive activity but requires proactive thinking and an ability to adjust to new realities and challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shift from a focus on management for results to specialization and servitude to the market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shareholder capitalism prioritizes maximizing shareholder wealth, whereas stakeholder capitalism encourages companies to consider the interests of a broader range of stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human talent is critical for innovation, as innovation requires creativity, imagination, collaboration, and a willingness to embrace new ideas and approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He argues that in response to profound ecological and economic challenges, there has been a surge in experimentation with alternative organizational forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Classical' approaches focus on efficiency, specialization, and the organization as a machine. 'Modern' approaches emphasize human factors, motivation, collaboration, and the organization as a social institution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They interact with and rely on their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create social identities and involve interactions among people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are fully self-contained and self-sufficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Friction in the operational process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance engagement and clarity in the communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The economic integration of local economies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing countries to export and import without restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corporations that operate in multiple countries around the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support local industries through government regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'people' side of organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes a positive vision for the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That there is a good fit among partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By building a groundswell of public support</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gives people agency to act</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of social factors and teamwork</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The private sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sense of shared humanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collaboration across sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It interacts with and depends on the environment for inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The steps involved in creating a valuable product or service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrating procurement, logistics, and operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manage business activities that cross national boundaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open systems actively interact with their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction in international trade barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing structured incentives to drive performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To integrate information technology with procurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tectonic stresses and sustainability challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Community contribution companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Member ownership and democratic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Technological disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Profound ecological and economic challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased focus on innovation and leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximizing profits for investors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They streamline calculations and acquisitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increased focus on stakeholder interests over shareholder interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A clearer focus on strategy and shareholder wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encourages alternative organizational structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal investment fund</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It interacts with and depends on the external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The direction of influence from one to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process by which a valuable product or service is created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariance between the events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed systems are fully self-sufficient and self-contained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It summarizes and reports financial transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It integrates various functions including procurement and logistics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Management accounting focuses on decision-making processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves businesses crossing national boundaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advocating for employee autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overseeing the efficiency of production and service operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential causal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To independently verify financial accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operations research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure compliance with tax regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased investor rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inconsistent information provided by companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obscure supply chain transparency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To simplify the understanding of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discourage adequate evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of clarity in reporting formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing more rigorous measurement techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mislead stakeholders about company performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By providing rewards for strong sustainability performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of a more widely accepted form of capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human talent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rise in experimentation with alternative organizational forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes calls for specific and repeatable actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shareholder capitalism focuses on maximizing shareholder wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Building a groundswell of public support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased focus on stakeholder interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enable the sharing of skills and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased reliance on globalization and deregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging innovative leadership and clear strategy focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By giving people the agency to act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different kinds of operational structures including for-profit and private sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The balance of shareholder wealth and societal contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term support is built through collective efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connecting with people's sense of justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They aim to engage diverse stakeholders together.</p> Signup and view all the answers