29 Questions
What is the primary goal of conducting a randomized experiment?
To establish causality between the treatment and outcome
What is the purpose of random treatment assignment in a randomized experiment?
To make the treatment and control groups identical in all observed characteristics
What is the fundamental problem of causal inference?
We can never observe the counterfactual outcome
What are the two main groups in a randomized experiment?
Experimental group and control group
What is the key difference between the treatment and control groups in a randomized experiment?
The treatment group receives the treatment, while the control group does not
What is the purpose of finding good approximations for the counterfactual outcomes?
To get around the fundamental problem of causal inference
Why is randomized treatment assignment important in an experiment?
To reduce bias in the sample selection
What is the average causal effect of the treatment X on the outcome Y?
The average change in Y caused by a change in X for a group of individuals
What is required to obtain good approximations for the counterfactual outcomes?
The observations treated and untreated must be, at the aggregate level, similar with respect to all the variables that might affect the outcome
What is the reason for focusing on the average causal effects rather than individual-level effects?
Because we can never observe the counterfactual outcome
What is the role of the factual outcome of one group in estimating the counterfactual outcome of the other?
It is used as a proxy for the counterfactual outcome
What is the primary goal of conducting surveys?
To infer the characteristics of a population based on a sample
What is a representative sample in survey research?
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population
Why is it important to have a representative sample in survey research?
To make accurate inferences about the population characteristics
What is the typical sample size for surveys in the US?
Around 1,000 people
What is the relationship between the sample and population sizes in surveys?
The sample size is always smaller than the population size
What would be the most effective way to draw a representative sample of UNC students?
Randomly select students from different departments
What is the unit of measurement of â?
Points
What is the interpretation of â in the context of the midterm and final exams?
The predicted final exam score when a student scores 0 points in the midterm
What is the mathematical definition of â?
â is the Y when X=0
What is the interpretation of ^ß in the context of the midterm and final exams?
An increase in midterm scores of 1 point is associated with a predicted increase in final exam scores of ^ß points
What is the mathematical definition of ^ß?
^ß is the Delta Y associated with Delta X=1
What is the relationship between the sign of ^ß and the correlation between X and Y?
The sign of ^ß is the same as the correlation between X and Y
What is the main reason why sample statistics differ from population parameters?
Sampling variability occurs.
What happens to sampling variability when the sample size is decreased?
It increases.
What is the goal when trying to figure out the proportion of support among the whole population?
To make inferences about the population parameter.
What happens when you draw a random sample from the population multiple times?
You will get a different proportion of support each time.
What do the two large sample theorems help us understand?
The relationship between population parameters and sample statistics.
What can be used to draw conclusions about population parameters using data from just a sample?
The Central Limit Theorem.
Understand the basics of causal inference, including the concept of counterfactual outcomes and the fundamental problem of causal inference. Learn how to approximate individual causal effects and average causal effects. Test your knowledge of causal inference principles.
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