ADMS FUNAL EXAM PDF

End Exam & LectureG Oct 23, 2024 Notes: Causal Claims - -causal inference involves drawing a connec...

End Exam & LectureG Oct 23, 2024 Notes: Causal Claims - -causal inference involves drawing a connection between two states Affairs of I and inferring that one caused the other. Event Multiple - Event B causes cause Effect - Problems with causal connections Event have - numerous causes may -Event may have different causes that can bring it about separately on Occasions Post Hoco Ergo Propter Fallacy (casual claims) - There could be other many rival explanation No inferring casual connection I two events occurred after another - one is an error called Post Hoc Ergo Propter Fallacy [after therefore because of it]). - Correlation and Reverse Causation -often, events that connected do not have perfect correlation) are casually a ex something did this did this something -. cause or cause determining if they casually connected - are. Event A Event B cause Experimental Research (Establishing Co variations - - To establish a causal connection need to establish if there is you - co-variation between the vents if A event happens then the B event - and ifA does not happens , happen then the B event doesn't happen -One can determine covariation through experimentations where all variables are controlled Lecture 6 Oct 23 2024 , Notes : -Assessing Casual Arguments 1 Temporal priority Event A lthe alleged cause) always precedes event B :. (the alleged effect). 2 Covariance : The two events must togetheri as. vary one varies (e.. g increases or decreases).. A reasonable mechanism should be 3 conceivable that enables the casual relation between two events. 4. Have other possible causes (other potential causal factors) been ruled out (controlled) ! Lecture 6 Out 23 , 2024 Accounting Notes : -measurement and communication of financial information about , processing economic entities I Financial. Accounting (Summary lysis and reporting of financial transactions and 2. Management Accounting luse of accounting information to make better management decisions) 3 Auditing- (independent examination of an organizations accounts. 4 Tax (accounting for tox purposes -. Financial reporting - Prepared according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principals (GAAP): - - Financial statements : 1 Balance sheet :. -statement of financial position at time given point a in Reports : Assets : Economic of value resources (things - - Liabilities : Economic Obligations (things owned Residual value after liabilities are paid Ownership equity : - 2. Income statement : statement of income expenses and profits over , , given period a flow statement : Report cash flow activities 3 Cash. on , particularly activities operating investing financing , , Residual value after liabilities are paid 2. Income statement: Statement of income, expenses, and profits over a given period 3. Cash flow statement: Reports on cash flow activities, particularly operating, investing, financing activities Lecture 6 Out 23 , 2024 Finance Notes : 4 AuditFirms Big - - Deloitte PwC - - EY - KPMG - Deals with the allocation of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty Aims to assets based their risk level and their expected price on rate of return Three : sub-categories - 1 Public finance (Addresses the role of the government - in economy. 2. Corporate finance- (Funding and capital structure of corporations Investment banking Personal finance- (Financial for individuals and 3. management families) -Global financial system - International financial institutions : - International Monetary Fund (Promotes global monetary cooperation financial stability and -World Bank (An international financial institution of the - United Nations Provides loans to developing countries Governments : - Regulatory agencies - Sets the rules the financial in system - Commission (SEC) ; Federal -USA : (V S. Securities and. Exchange Reserve System ("Fed)) - Canada Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions : (OSFI) Central Banks - a states interest -Manages currency money supply , , rates Operates at arms length from government Lecture 6 Out 23 , 2024 Notes : Globa financial system - Bank I financial intermediary that accepts deposits lending - - , activities by loan or capital market links customers that have capital deficits and customers with capital surpluses Types of banks : - Retail banks (Genera full service banking services for individuals - - and businesses) Investment banks (Helps clients raise financial capital by - underwriting or acting as the clients agent in the issuance of bonds , derivatives) -Stock markets (Exchanges where stocks are boughtsold - NYSE ; NASDAQ ; TSX ; etC - Finance in SAS - - The Balanced Scorecard Kalpan and Norton developed scorecard to provide managers - a with a balanced yet comprehensive view of the business Scorecard provides financial measures on action taken - -provides operational measures (customer satisfaction internal , and innovation activities processes , -Operational measures are drivers of future financial performance) -Minimizes information overload Allows managers to locate the source of improvements and to if - see some improvements were made at the cost of another Lecture 6 Out 23 , 2024 Notes : - Customer Perspective - Companies must translate their customer oriented mission statements into concrete gods and measures (time , quality, performance/service , and cost also benefit from data -Companies can obtaining on customers expectations from external sources(customers) Internal Business Perspective - Focuses processes that drive customer satisfaction well - on as as core competencies necessary for market leadership - Internal measures should stem from the business processes that have the satisfaction factors that greatest impact on customer affect cycle time quality employee skills , , , and productivity. Innovation and learning Perspective - - Intense global competition requires that companies make continual improvements to their existing products and processes and have the ability to introduce new products with expanded entirely capabilities A companies ability to innovate improve and learn ties directly to the - , , companies value. Financial Perspective - Indicates whether the company's strategy, implementation and - , execution are bottom line improvement contributing to. - Sometimes operational improvements do not translate into financial improvements. (One needs financial measures to dert executives to such problems Also necessary to that strategy gods and measure is - ensure on successful (leads to increased value Lecture 6 Out 23 , 2024 Notes : ESG oversold ? - is - What hoped : was 1. Companies environmental , social and , governance (ESG) performance would improve 2. A link tying companies with better sustainability records to better equity returns would - emerge.Investors and would reward companies with 3 consumers strong sustainability performance and put pressure on those that - lagged 4 to impact would. Ways measure social and environmental become -Over time this virtuous more rigorous , accurate and , would result widely accepted sustainable , cycle in a more form of Capitalism - Problems in reporting Lack of man dates auditing - and -Discretion over what information to include in their sustainability reports -Little third-party validation (input data is misleading and incomplete) specious targets - Complexity - - Opaque supply chains confusing toinformation - Inattention - developing countries Problem in using reports - Unreliable ratings - Lack of comparability - -Challenges in assessing the success of socially responsible investing Parameters tweaking - Lecture 6 Out 23 , 2024 Notes : - What to do If we are to bend the - global emissions curve downward and address environmental and social challenges growing effectively , a more aggressive approach is needed - Measure less better ,. Mobilize - -Spend government funds on the right things -Change the system - (Executives and investors operate in with the rules and incentives of the If their keeping system. behavior to the rules that is change , governments set and enforce also need to change A sustainable system will ultimately require a paradigm - from the of wealth creation to shift prevailing goo of well one being , and a shift in focus away from GDP towards akin to the OECD's BetterLife and something Index & Enfind eve May a Lecture 7 Oct 30 2024 , Finance Notes : Intermediary (a person who acts link between people order - as a in - to to try about bring an agreement or reconciliationi a mediator -between lenders and borrowers The Game Money - Money (Direct exchange valuable objects) - - Four developments to the transformation of the financial system : - I. US financed its expansion with dollars , which are now on the balance sheets of foreign banks 2. Computerization and glob dization melded markets into a single global system where large transactions can be. 3 executed instantaneously Investment decisions (and funds) became concentrated number of hands in a relatively small Investment horizons have shortened 4. dramatically because due to competition fund, managers need to produce fast results - Two to create without value : ways money creating I Pyramiding Debt.. Bidding Up Assets 2 Values Casual Claim The money game - in Finance Theory - Fund Productive Economic society Mobilization Investment Growth Better off The Game Money - Money delinked Speculative/ Economic Economy from value Unproductive instability society investment and nature harmed Lecture 7 Oct 30, 2024 Notes Constructing Persuasive Arguments - 1. Anticipate and counter audiences objections fair account and response to 2. Give a provide a negative evidence claim against your. Consider and counter rival to your casual explanation 3 causes 4 Ground. your assumptions(value or reality and address the rival (debatable) assumptions of your audience.. Limit 5 your claims , if you have no rebuttal to objections Strike 6. appropriate tone and use precise (dbeit vivid) language to the audience engage  Defining organization socid entities organizations are organizations peen systems · are the environment around open systems interact with and rely on three closed systems are fully self contained and self sufficient Business as an open system value chain can be represented as a -Value chains : Resilien -limit scolt Introduce friction - -promote patient capital Lecture S Nov 7 2024 , Supply Chain Management Notes: Organization - 1. Organizations socidentities are - ( made up of people and involve interactions) 2. Organizations are created to achieve gods (god oriented 3. Organizations interact with the environment-lobtain inputs from the environment and transforms then into outputs Open Systems - Organizations are systems - open -closed systems- (fully self sufficient and self contained - Open Systems Linter act with and rely on the environment - around them - Business as an open system can be represented a value chain - as - Value chain : The process by which a valuable product or service is created - Lecture S Nov 7 2024, Notes: - Pioneers of Productivity Classical Approaches to Management - I. Compartmentalizing 2. Supervising the workers 3. Motivating the workers Henry Fayo - - Max Weber Operations and Value (supply) Chain Management - Productivity Today - 1 Management science. Operations research -. Operations management 2 -Production, manufacturing chain 3. Supply management Integrates procurement (purchasinglologistics Ishipping - operations information technology , 4 International business (IB). activities that Management of business cross - national boundaries - Economic Globalization I. Globalization the economic integration and independence increasing - of national , regional and local economies across the world. 2 Free trade countries do not restrict - imports or exports : Opposite of "Protectionism" : Government regulations - that favor for protect) local businesses - standard economic. 3 Multinational Corporations (MNC) Corporations with operations that - cross national boundaries Lecture a Nov 15, 2824 Human Factor. Notes : Organization al behavior and Human resource management - - Focus on the"people" side of organizations. - Industrial and Organization al psychology (I/0 psychology - AKA Occupational psychology, organizational psychology, - and work and organizational psychology is an applied , discipline within psychology The "industrial" side of I/O psychology originated research - in individual differences assessment, and the prediction of on , work performance -Later the industrial , psychology was renamed to industrial and Organizational Psychology Lecture 10 Nov 22 2024 , Marketing Notes : Marketing (the activity set of institutions and processes for creating - , , Communicating delivering , , and exchanging offerings that have value for customers clients partners , , , and society at large Regis McKennamarketing the purpose of business on and - "Marketing today is not a function ; it is a way of doing business" - "Marketing's ultimate assignment is to serve customers real needs - - Advertising I form of marketing communication used to encourage - , persuade , or manipulate an audience to take or continue to take some action) -Brand-cused to differentiate one person's cattle from another's by means of a distinctive symbol burned into the animals skin) Marketing Meets Mission - -Based on Porter and Kramer idea of strategic CSR (shared value : engaging in areas where doing social good adds to competitive advantage - Purpose Tree (five roots) : 1 Behavorid. Change - Aim to change behavior for social good. Winning internal 2 support Social marketing initiatives risky they require internal - are , support (management, HB, Communications financessa , 3. Perform ance Measuring - Track on three levels : Brand Level : - Are the building equity, differentiate brand - measures , increase intent to purchase boosting sales and , or increase market penetrations margins - Lecture 10 Nov 22 2024 , Notes : 3. Perform ance Measuring - Track on three levels : Brand Level : - Are the building equity, differentiate brand - measures , increase intent to purchase boosting sales and , or increase market penetrations margins Organization level : - Are they attract talent engaging employees - , , increase motivation organizational support and , funding ? Public level : - Are the efforts gaining favorable public - recognition (NGO's , government community , , and medial as well as from customers and investors ? 4. Securing Partnership Transformational at scale hard to do done. change is - organizations need partners (NGS's public sector private , , sector and even competitors) to provide complimentary skills , expertise , resources , and networksmust ensure good fit) 5. Driving Systematic Change -Long-term shifts in behavior require groundswell of public support going beyond individual campaigns. Brand Advocacy key characteristics: - Promotes positive vision for the future Speaks to people sense of justice and sense of shared - humanity Use symbols that resonate - Calls for specific repeatable actions -Gives people agency (empowers to act Brings people together on shattered platforms through - organizational partnerships Lecture 10 Nov 22 2024 , New Economy Notes : - The Manage Century Economists (focus on efficiency) good managers vs - Ist Before WWI Science of erd. management -. - launched key tension in management thinking "numbers people vs "people people" -. - Hawthorne experiment Reveals impact of2 factors :. group dynamic - -management attention I people are not simple machines - still productivity was key - And WW 80s good feeling era. - Drucker hurricane: Management for result Business social institution. - is a Respect key not boss / worker but manager/employee - is , Mary Parker Follet : power with rother than power overs - Hawthorne results : social equilibrium Douglas McGregor (MIT) : X people (lazy rational) Y people - vs. , (not rational machines, its a matter of motivation). -Elevate humanity of production -Greater prosperity and democracy helped the process Strategy rise : Drucker-Imanaging is not passive - adaptation Manage by objectives (management for results) - 3rd erd from so's to now. Specialization and servitude to market Technologyforderegulation globalization of trade, - , , Computers calculations , markets for acquisitions. Shareholder over stakeholder capitalism -Sharper and clearer strategy focus Shareholder wealth -. Growth of MBA's - Today Human side coalesced on : leadership and innovation. Innovation requires human talent Lecture 10 Nov 22 2024, Notes : New Economy - The Movement for Economy New - a Gar Alperavitz (founding principal of the Democracy - - Collaborative Argues that in profound ecological and recent years the - , economic challenges led to an extraordinary amount of experimentation in alternative organizational forms Organizational Types - 1 Business/for-profit/private sector. 2. Government /public sector Non-profit/ngo/civil society. 3 -Organizationall Forms However tectonic stresses and sustainability challenges have led to - , a proliferation of new organizational forms: S - Sustainability challenges : 1 Social. entrepreneurship -Economic - Social. 2 Environmental Cooperatives - - Tectonic Stresses: · 3. Community 1. Population contribution. 2 Energy companies ((3). Environment 3 4. Climate - And more S Economic. inequality Co-operatives - -long-standing, internally recognized business form -Owned/operated by and for members Democratically controlled: - member vote - one = one Compared to typical corporation ; share vote - one - one Lecture 10 Nov 22 2024 , Notes : Co-op principles - Ist : Voluntary and open membership 2nd : Democratic member control 3rd : Member economic participation 4th : Autonomy and independence 5th : Education , training and information 6th : Co-operation among co-operatives 7th : Concern for community - Social entrepreneurship -Social (the interactions of the individual and the or the group welfare of human beings) Entrepreneur-lone who organizes manages the - , , and assumes risks of a business or enterprise) -Social - I The application of entrepreneurial entrepreneurship business skills to the creation of enterprise whose an primary purpose is to solve social and environmental problems Community Contribution Companies - A newhybrid corporate model in Canada - - Adopted in British Colombia as of July 2013 - "Allows entrepreneurship in B C To pursue social gods through their.. businesswhile sgeneratingprofit and providing investmea ⑭Lectu