Cartilage Overview and Types Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary type of collagen found in hyaline cartilage?

  • Type II (correct)
  • Type III
  • Type IV
  • Type I

Which of the following is NOT a component of the ground substance in hyaline cartilage?

  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • Tissue fluid
  • Proteoglycans
  • Collagen type II (correct)

What is the primary function of chondrocytes?

  • Contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue
  • Production of red blood cells
  • Synthesis and secretion of the cartilage matrix (correct)
  • Transmission of nerve impulses

What is the approximate percentage of tissue fluid in hyaline cartilage?

<p>75% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the perichondrium in hyaline cartilage?

<p>Produces new cartilage cells and nourishes existing cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of glycosaminoglycan found in hyaline cartilage?

<p>Chondroitin sulfate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the composition of hyaline cartilage?

<p>It is primarily composed of ground substance, with a small amount of collagen fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the specialized cells responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix?

<p>Chondroblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the perichondrium absent in hyaline cartilage?

<p>At the articular surface of joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth does the perichondrium facilitate in cartilage?

<p>Appositional growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chondrogenic cells in cartilage development?

<p>They are responsible for cartilage formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of hyaline cartilage matrix?

<p>Ground substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the perichondrium?

<p>Directly contributing to the movement of joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of flat cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium?

<p>They can divide and differentiate into chondroblasts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is characteristic of chondroblasts?

<p>A well-developed Golgi complex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to chondroblasts once they are surrounded by the matrix?

<p>They become chondrocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are chondrocytes located?

<p>In the lacunae. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of the matrix in which collagen II is found?

<p>Hyaline and glassy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the aggrecan molecule in cartilage?

<p>Attracts and holds water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of elastic fibers?

<p>Elastic cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can you find white fibrocartilage within the body?

<p>Intervertebral discs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural feature of white fibrocartilage?

<p>Contains dense bundles of type I collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?

<p>Presence of flexible fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site is NOT associated with elastic cartilage?

<p>Intervertebral disc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the staining property of the matrix in cartilage containing collagen II?

<p>Basophilic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium?

<p>Articular cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does articular cartilage receive its nutrients?

<p>From synovial fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth occurs when new layers are added to the outer surface of cartilage?

<p>Appositional growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component found in fibrocartilage that contributes to its tensile strength?

<p>Collagen fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes interstitial growth from appositional growth in cartilage?

<p>Location of growth initiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of water is typically found in cartilage, aiding its nutrient diffusion?

<p>70 - 75% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is specifically noted for lacking a perichondrium?

<p>Articular cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nutrition occur in white fibrocartilage?

<p>Via blood vessels within collagen bundles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does articular cartilage have poor nutrition compared to other types of hyaline cartilage?

<p>It lacks perichondrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of articular cartilage's inability to regenerate?

<p>It leads to osteoarthritis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is known to have perichondrium absent?

<p>Articular cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a location where fibrocartilage is found?

<p>Costal cartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the chondrocytes in elastic cartilage arranged?

<p>Inside lacunae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of collagen in the matrix of hyaline cartilage?

<p>Collagen II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about articular cartilage is true?

<p>It lacks perichondrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes fibrocartilage distinct in its matrix composition?

<p>It has collagen I and small amounts of collagen II. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Isogenous Groups

A group of 4-8 chondrocytes (cartilage cells) found in the lacunae of cartilage tissue. They are responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix.

What is hyaline cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage is a type of cartilage that is found in many parts of the body, including the joints, nose, and trachea. It has a glassy, smooth appearance and is very flexible, but not as strong as other types of cartilage.

Ground Substance

A major component of hyaline cartilage that provides its resilience and shock-absorbing properties.

Aggrecan

A large proteoglycan found in cartilage that helps bind water and contributes to its stiffness and elasticity.

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Collagen Type II

A specific type of collagen found in hyaline cartilage that gives it its flexibility and strength.

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Chondrogenic Cells

Cells located in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium, characterized by their flat shape, basophilic cytoplasm rich in ribosomes, and ability to divide and differentiate into chondroblasts.

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What are the characteristics of chondrogenic cells?

These cells are found in the inner layer of the perichondrium. They have a flat shape, a central vesicular nucleus, and a deep basophilic cytoplasm, indicating a high concentration of ribosomes.

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What are chondroblasts and where are they found?

These cells originate from embryonic mesenchymal cells, chondrogenic cells, or pericytes, and are found in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium. They are characterized by their flat shape, central vesicular nucleus, and deep basophilic cytoplasm. They also have abundant ribosomes and a well-developed Golgi apparatus.

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What is the role of chondroblasts in cartilage formation?

Chondroblasts are responsible for producing and secreting the cartilage matrix, which surrounds them. Once surrounded by matrix, they become chondrocytes.

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What are chondrocytes and how can you identify them?

These cells are surrounded by the matrix they secreted and reside within spaces called lacunae. They have a rounded shape, a central vesicular nucleus, and basophilic cytoplasm. Superficially, they appear single within their lacunae.

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Perichondrium

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage, except for articular cartilage.

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Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells responsible for producing the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

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Cartilage matrix

The non-living material that surrounds chondrocytes, providing structural support and allowing for flexibility.

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Outer Fibrous Layer

Outer layer of perichondrium, composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.

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Inner Chondrogenic Layer

Inner layer of perichondrium, responsible for growth of cartilage by adding new cells.

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Chondroblasts

Immature cartilage cells responsible for producing new cartilage matrix.

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Appositional Growth

Growth of cartilage by adding new cells from the perichondrium.

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Interstitial Growth

Growth of cartilage from within, with existing chondrocytes dividing and producing new matrix.

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Aggrecan Molecule

A large proteoglycan with a protein core attached to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Its negative charge attracts water, making up 80% of its weight, providing resistance to compression.

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Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage that appears glassy and transparent under a microscope. It is made primarily of collagen type II fibers and has a similar refractive index to the ground substance.

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Elastic Cartilage

A specialized type of cartilage containing elastic fibers that provide flexibility. Found in areas requiring both flexibility and support, such as the ear and epiglottis.

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Fibrocartilage

This type of cartilage is found in high-stress areas such as the intervertebral discs and the knee meniscus.

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Chondrogenesis

The process of making cartilage, involving cells called chondroblasts that secrete the extracellular matrix.

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Lacunae

The small spaces within cartilage where chondrocytes reside.

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Articular Cartilage

Cartilage that covers the ends of bones in joints. It has a smooth surface for easy movement and lacks a perichondrium, meaning it receives nutrients via diffusion from the synovial fluid.

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White Fibrocartilage

Cartilage that is tense and resistant to stretching due to its high collagen fiber content. It's found in areas like intervertebral discs and menisci.

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How does Cartilage get nourished?

Cartilage is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels. It receives nutrients and oxygen through diffusion from nearby blood vessels.

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Synovial Fluid

The fluid found in joint cavities that provides lubrication and nourishment to articular cartilage.

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Which types of cartilage are avascular?

White Fibrocartilage and Articular Cartilage lack a perichondrium and receive nutrients from surrounding sources like blood vessels or synovial fluid.

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Osteoarthritis

The process of articular cartilage wearing down, leading to pain and stiffness in joints.

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Poor nutrition and regeneration

A characteristic of articular cartilage, due to the lack of perichondrium, making it vulnerable to damage and unable to regenerate.

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Study Notes

Cartilage Overview

  • Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue (C.T.)
  • It originates from mesenchymal cells.
  • It is firm, flexible, and can withstand weight.
  • It's avascular (no blood vessels)

Cartilage Locations

  • External ear
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Nose
  • Cartilages of a joint (e.g., articular cartilage)
  • Costal cartilage
  • Meniscus (pad-like cartilage in knee)
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Other locations in the respiratory system

Cartilage Composition

  • Cells:
    • Chondrogenic cells (stem cells)
    • Chondroblasts (produce cartilage matrix)
    • Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells found in lacunae)
  • Fibers: Collagen (type II fibers most common), and other fiber types depend on the cartilage type
  • Matrix: Primarily proteoglycans (e.g., aggrecan) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs e.g., chondroitin sulfate), along with water (70-75%).
  • Covered by perichondrium (a connective tissue sheath)

Types of Cartilage

  • Hyaline Cartilage:
    • Most common type.
    • Found in fetal skeleton (replaced by bone in adults).
    • Found in articular surfaces of joints, costal cartilage, respiratory passages.
    • Epiphyseal plates of long bones.
  • Elastic Cartilage:
    • Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen.
    • Provides flexibility.
    • Found in the external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis, and parts of the larynx.
  • Fibrocartilage:
    • Primarily collagen fibers.
    • High tensile strength.
    • Found in intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, menisci, and areas near tendon insertions.

Hyaline Cartilage Microscopic Structure

  • Perichondrium: Outer fibrous layer (dense connective tissue) and inner chondrogenic layer.
  • Cartilage cells: Chondrocytes inside lacunae, sometimes in groups.
  • Matrix: Dense, highly hydrated matrix with collagen type II. Appears glassy or hyaline when stained

Perichondrium Function

  • Nutrient supply for cartilage through diffusion (except in articular cartilage).
  • Growth of cartilage.
  • Repair/healing of damaged cartilage.
  • Protection

Articular Cartilage

  • Lacks perichondrium
  • Smooth surface essential for joint movement.
  • Nourishment from synovial fluid.
  • Cannot regenerate effectively.

Cartilage Growth

  • Appositional: New chondroblasts differentiate from the inner layer of the perichondrium and add new matrix on the surface.
  • Interstitial: Chondrocytes divide, creating new lacunae and secreting new matrix, expanding from within.

Cartilage Nutrition

  • Cartilage is avascular, nutrients and O2 diffuse from blood vessels in the perichondrium or synovial fluid.
  • White fibrocartilage has blood vessels in between the collagen bundles.

Cartilage Degeneration

  • Persistent wear and tear in joints can lead to cartilage degeneration (e.g., osteoarthritis).

Summary of Cartilage Types (Table)

Cartilage Type Perichondrium Location Special Features
Hyaline Present (except articular) Fetal skeleton, articular surfaces, ribs, respiratory passages Mostly collagen type II; glassy appearance
Elastic Present Ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes Elastic fibers for flexibility
Fibrocartilage Absent Intervertebral discs, menisci, tendon insertions High collagen content; high tensile strength

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Description

Test your knowledge on cartilage, its composition, locations, and various types. This quiz covers the specialized connective tissue that is crucial for joint function and flexibility. Discover how cartilage is composed and where it can be found in the body.

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