Biology Cartilage and Connective Tissue Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?

  • Elastic support with rebound capabilities
  • Low frictional surface with cushioning (correct)
  • Dense structure allowing for bone attachment
  • Support and resistance to compression

Which type of cartilage is characterized by a fibrous matrix and is located in the external ear?

  • Articular cartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage (correct)

Which process describes the growth of new cartilage at the surface of existing cartilage?

  • Endochondral ossification
  • Perichondrial expansion
  • Appositional growth (correct)
  • Interstitial growth

How does hyaline cartilage’s composition affect its ability to repair?

<p>It is avascular and has low potential for repair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aggrecan in hyaline cartilage?

<p>Attracting water to hydrate and cushion the cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the matrix of hyaline cartilage predominantly found?

<p>Mostly water with type II collagen and proteoglycans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the flexibility of joints associated with hyaline cartilage as people age?

<p>It decreases due to calcification of the cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

<p>New cartilage forms within the existing cartilage matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in apical epithelial modifications?

<p>Create flow along the epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main component of connective tissue?

<p>Muscle fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue cell type is primarily involved in the immune response?

<p>Plasma Cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape and characteristics of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

<p>Fusiform with a homogeneous cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mesoglea is accurate?

<p>It is composed of proteoglycans and is jelly-like (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dye is typically used to attach to positively charged areas in cells?

<p>Eosin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the characteristic of adipose cells in connective tissue.

<p>They appear flattened with a tiny elongated nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of connective tissue, what does ECM stand for?

<p>Extracellular Matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tight junctions in the retina?

<p>Create a diffusion barrier to water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of junction is responsible for linking cells to the basement membrane?

<p>Hemi-desmosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are primarily involved in the formation of tight junctions?

<p>Occludin and claudin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gap junctions in the intercellular environment?

<p>They facilitate direct communication between cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which junction is primarily involved in anchoring cells together with intermediate filaments?

<p>Macula adherens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the function of anchoring junctions?

<p>They link the cytoskeleton of adjacent cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The terminal bar is associated with which of the following?

<p>Intercellular bridges and junctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cadherins in anchoring junctions regulate their binding?

<p>Based on the presence of calcium ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of gap junctions?

<p>They contain connexins forming half channels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) play in cellular junctions?

<p>They connect cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chondrocyte proliferation in bone development?

<p>It lengthens the bone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of the epiphyseal growth plate is characterized by the presence of normal hyaline cartilage?

<p>Zone of reserve cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during intramembranous ossification?

<p>Differentiation of mesenchyme to form an ossification center. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood volume is composed of plasma?

<p>55% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bone remodeling, what role do osteoblasts and osteoclasts play?

<p>They aid in the deposition and resorption of bone tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT found in blood plasma?

<p>Erythrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hematopoietic marrow primarily located during bone development?

<p>In the diaphysis (shaft) of bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of the epiphyseal growth plate is characterized by chondrocytes becoming larger?

<p>Zone of hypertrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla?

<p>Preparing the body for a fight or flight response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

<p>Calcitonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the stimulation of exocytosis in the adrenal medulla?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of follicular cells in the thyroid gland?

<p>Synthesis of thyroglobulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily affect calcium levels in the blood?

<p>Increases intestinal absorption of calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

<p>Isthmus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland?

<p>Stimulated by daylight exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the adrenal medulla are responsible for secreting norepinephrine and epinephrine?

<p>Chromaffin cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone acts to suppress osteoclast activity and lower blood calcium levels?

<p>Calcitonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of retinohypothalamic tract in the pineal gland's function?

<p>Controls secretion of melatonin based on light exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the hormone released by the chief cells in the parathyroid glands?

<p>Stimulate production of osteoclasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is crucial for thyroid hormone storage within the follicles of the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyroglobulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily acts to raise blood calcium levels through various methods?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

<p>Lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin contains both loose and dense connective tissue?

<p>Dermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to keratinocytes as they move up through the skin layers?

<p>They become keratinized (cornified) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component of hair?

<p>Hard keratin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of epidermis is characterized by a more basic pH?

<p>Stratum corneum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do melanocytes play in hair structure?

<p>Contribute pigments to growing hair cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the hair follicle is responsible for the active proliferation of cells?

<p>Hair bulb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat gland is primarily responsible for temperature regulation?

<p>Eccrine sweat glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the arrector pili muscles?

<p>Raise hair follicles and cause goosebumps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypodermis is primarily composed of what type of tissue?

<p>Adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the papillary layer of the dermis?

<p>Rich in blood vessels and nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin provides energy storage and insulation?

<p>Hypodermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is unique to apocrine sweat glands?

<p>Connected and secrete via hair follicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component plays a critical role in the formation of the epidermal water barrier?

<p>Keratins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Connective Tissue Components

Connective tissue is made of cells, fibrous components, and a ground substance.

Fibroblast Function

Fibroblasts produce the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue.

Mast Cell Function

Mast cells contain granules and play a role in the immune system.

Macrophage Function

Macrophages are immune cells that consume foreign material.

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Adipose Cell Shape

Adipose cells are flattened, with a small, displaced nucleus.

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Direct Attachment Dyes (Acidic)

These dyes attach to positively charged parts of cells.

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Direct Attachment Dyes (Basic)

These dyes attach to negatively charged parts of cells.

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Cilia vs. Microvilli

Both increase cell surface area, but cilia are longer and can move, while microvilli form a brush border.

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Cartilage Growth

Cartilage growth occurs through two types: appositional and interstitial growth.

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Appositional Growth

Cartilage growth that occurs at the surface of existing cartilage.

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Interstitial Growth

Cartilage growth that occurs within the existing cartilage.

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Hyaline Cartilage

Most abundant cartilage type, found in joints, nose, and trachea.

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Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage with high flexibility and elasticity found in ears and epiglottis.

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Hyaline Cartilage Function

Provides a low-friction surface, flexibility, and cushioning.

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Elastic Cartilage Function

Supports structures with flexibility and elasticity.

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Cartilage Composition

Cartilage matrix consists primarily of water, type II collagen, proteoglycans, and multi-adhesive glycoproteins.

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Tight Junctions

Prevent water and solute movement between cells. Made of transmembrane proteins like occludin and claudin.

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Zonula Adherens

Anchoring junction that links cells together and to actin filaments. Calcium can regulate their strength.

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Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions connecting cells via intermediate filaments, providing mechanical strength.

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Gap Junctions

Channels connecting cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing direct cell-to-cell communication.

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Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

Proteins that mediate cell-cell interactions. Examples include cadherins and integrins.

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Basement membrane

Layer beneath cells; provides structural support and separates cells from the underlying tissue.

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Intercellular Bridges

These are the connections between cells, including tight junctions(occludens) , anchoring junctions ( adherens, macula adherens/desmosomes) and gap junctions to regulate intercellular diffusion.

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Junctional Complex

A group of interconnected junctions between neighboring cells. Found at the apical end of cells.

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Focal Adhesions

Connections between cells and the basement membrane, involving actin filaments.

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Hemidesmosomes

Specialized junctions that anchor cells to their basement membrane via intermediate filaments.

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Bone Growth: Lengthening

Chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plates (epiphyseal plates) of a long bone leads to an increase in bone length.

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Bone Growth: Width

Apposition, the direct formation of bone tissue, contributes to bone width. Bone is laid down by osteoblasts along dense irregular connective tissue.

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Secondary Ossification Center

As bone growth occurs, cartilage at the ends of the bone (epiphysis) also becomes bone through a process called secondary ossification.

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Bone Remodeling

Osteoblasts (build bone) and osteoclasts (break down bone) constantly work together to reshape bone throughout life. This ensures the bone's structure is appropriate for its function.

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Intramembranous Ossification

Direct formation of bone tissue from mesenchyme, involving deposition and mineralization of bone matrix (osteoid).

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Blood Plasma: Proteins

Blood plasma contains proteins like fibrinogens (for clotting), albumins (maintaining osmotic pressure), globulins (including antibodies), and regulatory enzymes.

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Blood Plasma: Non-Proteins

Blood plasma also contains non-protein components like electrolytes (balancing fluids), nitrogen waste compounds (by-products of metabolism), nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), and hormones.

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Hematocrit

Hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood. It can vary due to factors such as dehydration, altitude, and other conditions.

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Keratinocyte Layers

Keratinocytes go through several layers as they mature: Stratum basale (stem cells), Stratum spinosum (develop lamellar bodies), Stratum granulosum (keratohyalin granules), Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), Stratum corneum (dead, keratinized cells).

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Epidermis' Hard Structure

The strong structure of the epidermis is due to keratin, a protein that forms strong bonds with other keratin molecules, creating a hard, durable barrier.

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What is the Dermis?

The dermis is the inner layer of the skin directly beneath the epidermis. It's composed of connective tissue and supports the epidermis.

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Papillary Layer Function

This layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerves. It helps in nutrient exchange with the epidermis and provides sensory input.

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Reticular Layer Function

The dense, interwoven collagen fibers of this layer give strength and elasticity to the skin, acting as a strong support system.

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Hypodermis Function

This layer, primarily composed of fat, acts as insulation, energy storage, and cushioning for the body.

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Panniculus Adiposus

This layer of fat tissue in the hypodermis serves as insulation, energy storage, and a protective layer around internal organs.

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Panniculus Carnosus

This layer of striated muscle in the hypodermis is responsible for facial expressions in humans.

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Components of a Hair Follicle

Hair follicles are the structures that produce hair. They are composed of the infundibulum (surface to sebaceous gland), isthmus (to the arrector pili insertion), and the inferior segment with the hair bulb.

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Hair Bulb Structure

The hair bulb is the base of the follicle and contains the hair matrix, dermal papilla, and melanocytes.

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Hair Growth Process

The hair matrix produces new hair cells that migrate up the follicle, becoming keratinized and forming the hair shaft.

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Nail Growth Source

Nails grow from the nail matrix and root, which contain dividing cells that become keratinized.

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Sebaceous Gland Function

These glands produce oily sebum that lubricates the skin and hair, preventing dryness and providing waterproofing.

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Eccrine Sweat Gland Function

These glands are responsible for producing sweat for temperature regulation, releasing it directly onto the skin surface.

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Apocrine Sweat Gland Function

These glands mainly release sweat into hair follicles, producing a thicker secretion often associated with body odor.

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Adrenal Medulla Function

The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) that prepare the body for "fight or flight" by increasing energy use, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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Adrenal Medulla Structure

The adrenal medulla is composed of cells arranged in clusters and contains granules filled with catecholamines.

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What controls the adrenal medulla?

The adrenal medulla is controlled by preganglionic sympathetic nerves, which release acetylcholine to stimulate exocytosis of catecholamines.

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Short-term stress response

In short-term stress, neurons from the brain activate the sympathetic nervous system, releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

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Long-term stress response

Long-term stress involves the hypothalamus releasing hormones that stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids.

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Thyroid Gland Location

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck and develops from pharyngeal endoderm.

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Thyroid Gland Structure

The thyroid gland consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus, with functional units called follicles.

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What is a Thyroid Follicle?

A thyroid follicle is a spherical compartment surrounded by cuboidal epithelium and filled with colloid, a gel-like substance.

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Follicular Cell Function

Follicular cells in the thyroid produce thyroglobulin, a protein that stores thyroid hormones, and absorb colloid to release T4 and T3.

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Parafollicular Cell Function

Parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid produce calcitonin, a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

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Parathyroid Gland Location

The parathyroid glands are located embedded in the thyroid gland.

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Parathyroid Gland Function

The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, kidney reabsorption, and intestinal absorption.

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Pineal Gland Location

The pineal gland is located in the center of the brain and resembles a pinecone.

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Pineal Gland Function

The pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and seasonal synchronization.

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Melatonin Regulation

Melatonin secretion is regulated by light via a complex pathway from the retina to the pineal gland.

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Study Notes

ZOO 3000 Comparative Histology Notes

  • Comparative Histology F course notes for the University of Guelph
  • Studocu is not endorsed by any university
  • Student downloaded notes from Studocu by Ethan Harvey ([email protected])

Lecture 1 (Thursday, September 10, 2020)

  • Tissue (histos): Study (logos) of structure with microscopes
  • Cytology: Study of cells (units of tissues and organs)
    • Includes: Nucleus (genetic material), Cytoplasm (organelles), Cell membrane
  • Tissues Include:
    • Cells
    • Intercellular substances (extracellular matrix, secreted by cells)
      • Function: Strength, support, medium for diffusion
      • Types: Fibrous support - polypeptide chains
        • Collagen fibres (type 1 collagen) -Appear white -Insoluble after chemical treatment. -Synthesized by fibroblasts, chondrocytes & osteoblasts. -Assemble into self-assembled fibrils (extracellular). -Very strong due to covalent H-bonds between adjacent rows. -Present in extracellular matrix, especially connective tissues.
        • Reticular fibers (type 3 collagen) -Net-like framework (reticulum) -Type III collagen (more sugar) -20nm fibers, branching -Stained with silver (argyrophilic) and PAS -Also synthesized and secreted by fibroblasts.
  • Amorphous Intercellular Substance (ground substance)
    • Viscous, clear fluid
    • Medium for tissue fluid diffusion
  • Tissue Fluid
    • Contains proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates
    • Glycosaminoglycans: repeating disaccharide units.
    • Proteoglycans

Lecture 2 (Ch.5 116-120, 133-161)

  • Four Primary Tissues: Organized groups of cells for specific functions
    • Epithelium: Covers surfaces, cavities, and glands; closely packed, minimal extracellular matrix.
    • Connective: Supports and connects other tissues; widely separated cells with abundant extracellular matrix.
    • Muscle: Generates force; elongated cells containing contractile proteins.
    • Nervous: Transmits information; specialized cells and processes for communicating electrical impulses.

Lecture 3 (Ch.1 details about staining, Ch. 6 170-174, 190-201)

  • Connective Tissue: most abundant and variable tissue type
    • Includes: Blood, adipose, cartilage, loose, and dense tissue
    • Components: Cells, fibrous components, and amorphous ground substance.
  • Connective Tissue cells:
    • Fibroblasts
    • Plasma cells
    • Macrophages
    • Adipose Cells

Lecture 5 (Ch.7 p 210-219, Ch.8 p232-253)

  • Cartilage and Bone
    • Cartilage: Specialized connective tissue with a firm extracellular matrix that provides support.
      • Types: Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
      • Development: Develops from mesenchyme that conenses to form intial skeletal structures
    • Bone: Calcified tissue that provides support and protection.
      • Types: Compact (dense) and spongy (cancellous)

Lecture 6 (Ch.11, 336-365)

  • Origins of Hematopoietic Organs
    • Locations of origins vary by animal type, often associated with the gut.
    • Stages of blood cell development: Erythocytes, thrombocytes (platelets), and granulocytes.

Lecture 7

  • Muscle Tissues
    • Types: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Skeletal muscles are striated and voluntary. Cardiac muscles are striated and involuntary. Smooth muscles are not striated and involuntary.
    • Cardiac muscle is in the heart
  • Muscle cells are attached via intercalated discs

Lecture 8

  • Blood: Specialized type of connective tissue.
    • Components: Plasma (liquid portion) and cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes).
    • Functions include transport of oxygen, nutrients, waste, etc., and immune response

Lecture 9

  • Blood vessels (arteries and veins)
    • Layers: tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
    • Blood vessel size relates to relative proportion of muscle, connective tissue and elasticity.

Lecture 10

  • Connective Tissue proper: two types, loose and dense
    • Components: Cells, fibers, and ground substance.
  • Dense connective tissue: has high concentration of fibers like collagen and elastin, and less ground substance, providing good resistance to stretching, strength.
    • Types: Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue and reticular tissue.

Lecture 11

  • Organization of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • Somatic nervous system (voluntary control of skeletal muscles)
  • Sensory afferents( from the periphery to the CNS)

Lecture 12

  • Digestive System
    • Components: Oral cavity, tubular digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) and associated glands.
  • Tubular digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) have four layers: Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

Lecture 13

-The small intestine is the longest part of the small intestine, has three sections (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

  • Cells include: Columnar absorptive cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and Paneth cells
  • The large intestine (Cecum, Appendix, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal) absorbs water, ions, electrolytes. It has three layers of muscle: inner circuluar smooth muscle and outer longitudinal smooth muscle.

Lecture 14

  • Digestive Glands
    • Salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. These produce saliva, which contains water, mucin, enzymes.
    • Features: Lobules, acini, ducts

Lecture 15

  • Respiratory System -conducting portion: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii and bronchioles. -respiratory portion: alveolar ducts and sacs and alveoli. These structures are responsible for gas exchange between the blood and air.

Lecture 16

  • Integumentary system summary
    • The skin is composed of epidermis and dermis; epidermis is the outer layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium, while dermis is the inner layer composed of loose CT and dense CT. The hypodermis, below the dermis, is primarily composed of adipose, that is the subcutaneous tissue

Lecture 17

  • Organs of Special Sense
    • Nerves of skin: Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings e.g. pacinian corpuscles, meissner's corpuscles, and ruffini's corpuscles
  • The eye (retina and cornea)
    • The ear (tympanic membrane, middle ear bones, cochlea, and semicircular canals).

Lecture 18

  • Urinary System
    • Kidney: Removes waste products from blood and regulates water and electrolyte balance.
      • Anatomy: Renal corpuscle (filtration), tubules, collecting ducts.
  • The kidneys have distinct functional parts, filtering, reabsorbing, and secreting. Urine is produced

Lecture 19

  • Female Reproductive System:
    • Structure: Divided into cortex and medulla and contains developing follicles
    • Functions: Produce oocytes, hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
  • Stages in ovarian follicle development from immature follicles to ovulation stages
  • Fallopian tubes, uterus

Lecture 20

  • Male Reproductive System
    • Structure: Testis with seminiferous tubules and interstitial (Leydig) cells, Ductus epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra.
    • Functions: Sperm production and delivery and hormone production (testosterone).

Lecture 21

  • Endocrine System
    • Hormones: Chemical messengers that act to regulate various metabolic processes in the body, produced in various types of cells.
    • Target types: Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine.

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