Care of Clients with Oxygenation Issues

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic sound associated with wheezing?

Sharp and intermittent

High pitched on expiration and inspiration (correct)

Low pitched and continuous

Deep and rumbling

What doing when a patient shows signs of cyanosis?

Administer pain medication immediately

Assess with lips, tongue, nail beds, and earlobes (correct)

Perform a lung function test

Monitor the patient's temperature

Which of the following oxygen administration methods delivers the highest flow rate?

Non-rebreathing O2 Face Mask (correct)

High Flow System (Nasal Cannula)

O2 Face Mask

Nasal Cannula

What is the normal range for pH identified in arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis?

7.35-7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the first step in treating a patient experiencing chest pain?

Initiate oxygen therapy to improve oxygen delivery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cilia lining the bronchi and bronchioles?

To propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What causes orthopnea, a common symptom in patients?

Heart disease or occasionally COPD Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What does tachypnea refer to?

Increased breathing rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a subjective symptom of dyspnea?

Feeling of shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What defines hypoxemia?

Decreased oxygen levels in the blood Signup and view all the answers

During the process of respiration, what is primarily exchanged?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment component is least likely relevant when assessing a patient's respiratory problem?

Patient's diet history Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the SA Node in the heart's conduction system?

To initiate electrical impulses and regulate heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the heart conduction system has the slowest firing rate?

Perkenje Fibers Signup and view all the answers

What does an ECG strip primarily represent?

Electrical activity of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a P wave observed on an ECG reading?

Atrial depolarization Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a First Degree AV Block, what is typically observed on an ECG?

Consistently prolonged PR intervals Signup and view all the answers

What describes the rhythm associated with Atrial Fibrillation?

Chaotic rhythm with no defined P waves Signup and view all the answers

Which management strategy is recommended for Ventricular Fibrillation?

Defibrillation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common heart rate range for a patient in Sinus Rhythm?

60-100 BPM Signup and view all the answers

What pattern is typically seen in Second Degree AV Block Type 1 (Mobitz 1)?

Prolonged PR interval followed by a dropped QRS Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ECG features would indicate Ventricular Tachycardia?

QRS complexes are wide, regular, and fast Signup and view all the answers

For a patient experiencing Atrial Flutter, which ECG waveform pattern is identified?

Saw-tooth wave pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the immediate management approach for a patient experiencing Cardiac Arrest?

Commence CPR Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart block results in complete dissociation between the P waves and QRS complexes?

Third Degree AV Block Signup and view all the answers

What role does Atrophine typically play in heart block management?

To temporarily increase heart rate in stable patients Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy & Physiology of Oxygenation

Upper Respiratory System includes the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
Functions of upper respiratory: warms and filters inspired air.
Lower Respiratory System comprises the lungs containing bronchial and alveolar structures, responsible for gas exchange.
Right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two lobes.
Bronchi and bronchioles are lined with cilia, which move mucus and foreign substances away from the lungs.
Approximately 300 million alveoli in the lungs allow for the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Functions of the Respiratory System

Oxygen Transport: Delivers O2 to the cells (mitochondria).
Respiration: Involves the transfer of O2 from blood to cells and vice versa.
Ventilation: Involves inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling) of air.

Dyspnea: Subjective difficulty of breathing, may stem from pulmonary or cardiac issues.
Orthopnea: Difficulty breathing when lying flat, often linked to heart disease or COPD.
Stridor: High-pitched sound during inspiration indicating a blocked airway.
Cough: A protective reflex for the lungs, but can be impaired by weakness.
Wheezing: High-pitched sound during expiration and inspiration, indicating airway narrowing.
Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood.

Physical Assessment Indicators

Clubbing of fingers may signal chronic respiratory conditions.
Cyanosis, seen in lips, tongue, and nail beds, indicates low oxygen levels.

Diagnostic Evaluation

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) assess lung function.
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) test provides critical gas exchange metrics (pH, PaCO2, HCO3).
Sputum studies and imaging (CXR, CT, MRI) are used for further evaluation.

Oxygen Administration Methods

Nasal Cannula: 2-6 LPM; caution in COPD patients (1-2 LPM recommended).
O2 Face Mask: 6-8 LPM for effective delivery.
Non-rebreathing Face Mask: 12-15 LPM for high concentration oxygen delivery.
Endotracheal Intubation: Advanced airway management during severe respiratory distress.

Heart Anatomy & Electrical Conduction

SA Node: The heart's natural pacemaker (60-100 BPM).
AV Node: Acts as a gatekeeper (40-60 BPM).
Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers conduct impulses (20-40 BPM).

ECG/EKG Basics

An ECG documents the heart's electrical activity.
Patient preparation for ECG includes consent, removal of metals, and stillness during reading.
Key ECG leads: V1 to V6, placed at specific intercostal spaces and midclavicular lines.

Heart Rhythms and Blocks

Sinus Rhythm: Normal heart rhythm with distinct P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves.
First-degree AV Block: Prolonged PR interval (>0.20 sec).
Second-degree Heart Block Type 1 (Wenckebach): Progressive PR interval with dropped QRS.
Second-degree Heart Block Type 2: Dropping of QRS complexes without PR lengthening.
Third-degree AV Block: No correlation between P waves and QRS complexes.

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

Atrial Fibrillation: Irregular rhythm with no distinct P waves; management includes cardioversion and anticoagulants.
Atrial Flutter: Regular rhythm with a saw-tooth waveform; treatment with adenosine IV and cardioversion.
Ventricular Fibrillation: Chaotic rhythm with no effective heartbeat; immediate CPR and defibrillation required.
Ventricular Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate (101-250 BPM) with wide QRS complexes; can impair cardiac output.

Management Strategies

Symptomatic management for heart blocks may not be indicated in stable patients.
Pacemaker implantation and medications (e.g., atropine) for symptomatic bradycardia.
Atrial fibrillation requires rate control and risk management for thromboembolic events.

These notes cover essential aspects of oxygenation and cardiovascular care, useful for understanding patient assessment, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic interventions.

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Description

Explore the essential aspects of caring for clients facing oxygenation and cardiovascular system problems. This quiz delves into the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, focusing on both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and their functions. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of critical respiratory concepts.