L23
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Questions and Answers

Which factors can most likely introduce germs into the bloodstream leading to endocarditis?

  • Routine physical exercises
  • Consumption of contaminated food
  • Frequent exposure to cold weather
  • Dental or medical procedures (correct)

What characteristic of the heart tissue makes it a favorable site for bacteria to settle in cases of endocarditis?

  • Roughened surface of damaged tissue (correct)
  • Presence of excess blood flow
  • Smooth surface of healthy heart valves
  • High oxygen levels in the bloodstream

What primary type of organism is most commonly responsible for cases of endocarditis?

  • Parasites
  • Fungi
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria (correct)

Which of the following statements about the immune response during endocarditis is accurate?

<p>The immune system can fail to prevent bacteria from reaching the heart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does damaged heart tissue play in the development of endocarditis?

<p>It serves as a suitable attachment surface for bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is specifically associated with endocarditis?

<p>Night sweats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contributing factor to the development of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

<p>Coronary atherosclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication arises when the right side of the heart fails?

<p>Peripheral congestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT typically used for myocardial infarction management?

<p>Incision and drainage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathology is characterized by the blockage of coronary arteries due to LDL deposition?

<p>Atherosclerosis (CAD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is increased blood pressure in the aorta a contributing factor?

<p>Congestive heart failure (CHF) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant consequence of ischemia in myocardial tissue?

<p>Formation of scar tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct result of atherosclerosis affecting coronary arteries?

<p>Coronary artery stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocarditis

A condition where germs enter the bloodstream and infect the heart's inner lining, most commonly caused by bacteria.

Why Endocarditis targets damaged valves

Damaged or diseased heart valves provide a rough surface for bacteria to attach and multiply.

Sources of Bacteria for Endocarditis

Common sources for bacteria that cause endocarditis include the mouth, respiratory tract, dental procedures, catheters, and medical devices.

Typical immune response to bacteria

The immune system usually destroys bacteria that enter the bloodstream, and even if they reach the heart, they may pass through without causing infection.

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Preventing Endocarditis

Having a healthy heart and a strong immune system helps prevent endocarditis.

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What is congestive heart failure?

A condition where the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is weakened, leading to fluid buildup in the body. This happens when either the right or left side of the heart fails to function properly, causing blood to back up and accumulate in the lungs, legs, or abdomen.

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What is atherosclerosis?

A build-up of plaque in the arteries, primarily due to the deposition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), that restricts blood flow. It's a significant contributor to conditions like heart attack and stroke.

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What is a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?

The death of heart muscle tissue due to a lack of oxygen. This happens when a coronary artery becomes blocked, preventing blood flow to a section of the heart.

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What is a decline in cardiac reserve?

A condition where the heart's ability to pump blood effectively weakens over time, often due to factors like heart attacks or high blood pressure.

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What is sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps?

Stiffening and thickening of the valve flaps; a common age-related change in the heart.

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What is fibrosis of cardiac muscle?

A condition where the heart muscle becomes fibrous, which can lower its efficiency; an age-related change in the heart.

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What is atherosclerosis?

A condition characterized by the build-up of plaque inside the arteries, particularly the aorta, which can lead to narrowing and restrict blood flow.

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What is angina pectoris?

A symptom of heart problems often associated with a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle, causing discomfort in the chest, which can radiate to the arms or jaw.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • Learning Outcomes: Factors involved in regulating cardiac output, and pathological features of the heart are covered.

Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output

  • Increased activity of muscular pump and respiratory pump increase renal activity conserving sodium and water.
  • Crisis stressors (exercise, physical or emotional trauma, temperature rise) and low blood pressure/volume (hemorrhage or excessive sweating) influence cardiac output.
  • High blood pressure is influenced by blood-borne chemicals like thyroxine, epinephrine, and excess calcium (short-term effects).
  • Increased venous return plays a role.
  • Increased contractility of cardiac muscles is influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.
  • Heart rate (HR) is controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems via the cardioinhibitory center and vagus nerves.
  • Stroke volume (SV) is a crucial factor in cardiac output.
  • Cardiac output (CO) is calculated in milliliters per minute.

Endocarditis

  • Germs enter bloodstream, travel to the heart, lodging on abnormal heart valves or damaged tissue. Bacteria are common, but fungi, viruses, or other organisms are also possible.
  • Sometimes the source is common bacteria in the mouth, upper respiratory tract, or other body sites.
  • Entry can occur via certain dental or medical procedures, or other infections/conditions, such as catheters or needles.
  • The body's immune system typically destroys bacteria in the bloodstream; however, if bacteria reach the heart, they may pass through without causing infection.
  • Damaged heart valves are ideal spots for bacteria to set up shop and multiply.

Endocarditis Symptoms

  • Symptoms can include fever, chills, weakness, fatigue, aching joints/muscles, night sweats, shortness of breath, paleness, persistent cough, swelling in feet/legs/abdomen, unexplained weight loss, blood in urine, a new heart murmur, and spleen tenderness.
  • Changes may include sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps, decline in cardiac reserve, fibrosis of cardiac muscle, and atherosclerosis.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

  • Causes of CHF include coronary atherosclerosis, increased blood pressure in the aorta, successive myocardial infarcts, and dilated cardiomyopathy.

Cardiopathologies

  • Congestive Heart Failure - If the right side fails, it causes peripheral congestion as blood can't return from the body to the right atrium, causing edema in extremities. Myocardium weakens. Heart transplant may become necessary. Temporary treatment can involve lowering blood volume, reducing exertion, and lowering blood pressure.
  • Atherosclerosis (CAD) - Blockage of coronary arteries from LDL deposits due to damage of the inner arterial lining (tunica interna). Relieved by treatments like balloon angioplasty, stent placement, or coronary bypass.
  • Myocardial Infarction - Ischemia (reduced blood supply) due to a stenosis (narrowing) caused by atherosclerosis. Leads to pain (angina pectoris), which is an indicator of transient ischemic attack (TIA). This can cause necrosis (death) of myocardial tissue. Myocardium does not repair itself. Treatment methods may include addressing the stenosis, using vasodilators, beta-blockers (to lower blood pressure), heart transplants, or LVADs (left ventricular assist devices).

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L23 - Cardiovascular System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system, focusing on the factors regulating cardiac output and the pathological features of the heart. This quiz covers essential aspects including heart rate, stroke volume, and the effects of various stimuli on heart function.

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