L23 - Cardiovascular System PDF

L23- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Dr.Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, AUACAS, AUA LEARNING OUTCOMES Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output Pathological features of the heart  Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output...

L23- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Dr.Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, AUACAS, AUA LEARNING OUTCOMES Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output Pathological features of the heart  Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output 3  Endocarditis Endocarditis occurs when germs enter the bloodstream, travel to the heart and lodge on abnormal heart valves or damaged heart tissue. Bacteria are the cause of most cases, but fungi, viruses or other microorganisms also may be responsible. Sometimes the culprit is one of many common bacteria that live in the mouth, upper respiratory tract or other parts of the body. In other cases, the offending organism may gain entry to the bloodstream through: o Certain dental or medical procedures. o An infection or other medical condition.. o Catheters or needles.. o Common activities.. 4  Endocarditis Typically, the immune system destroys bacteria that make it into the bloodstream. Even if bacteria reach the heart, they may pass through without causing an infection. Most people who develop endocarditis have a diseased or damaged heart valve — an ideal spot for bacteria to settle. This damaged tissue in the endocardium provides bacteria with the roughened surface they need to attach and multiply. 5 Endocarditis-symptoms Fever Paleness Chills Persistent cough Weakness Swelling in the feet, legs or abdomen Fatigue Unexplained weight Aching joints and loss muscles Blood in urine Night sweats A new heart murmur Shortness of breath Tenderness in the spleen 6 7  Age-Related Changes Affecting the Heart Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps Decline in cardiac reserve Fibrosis of cardiac muscle Atherosclerosis 8  Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Congestive heart failure (CHF), caused by: Coronary atherosclerosis Increased blood pressure in aorta Successive myocardial infarcts Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) 9  Cardiopathologies Congestive Heart Failure If RIGHT side fails, then peripheral congestion because the blood can’t return from the body to the right atrium causing edema in the extremities. Ultimately, since the failure of one side now strains the effectiveness of the healthy side, the myocardium weakens over time and a heart transplant is inevitable. Temporary treatment is to lower blood volume, reducing exertion, lowering BP 10  Cardiopathologies Atherosclerosis (CAD): Blockage of coronary arteries from deposition of LDL due to tissue insult of tunica interna. Stenosis relieved by balloon angioplasty, insertion of stent, coronary by-pass. 11 Coronary Artery Fatty Deposit Stenosis Cardiopathologies Myocardial Infarction Ischemia (holding back blood) is due to a stenosis caused by atheroschlosis. The pain, angina pectoris is usually an indicator of a TIA (transient ischemic attack) Necrosis (death) of myocardium due to ischemia associated w/ the stenosis. Myocardia is amitotic and therefore will not repair itself. Scar tissue instead. Seriousness depends on location/extent Treatment would include dealing w/ stenosis, vasodilators, beta-blockers (reduce blood pressure), heart transplant, LVAD. 13