Cardiovascular disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with peripheral artery occlusion?

  • Cyanosis of the feet
  • Weak or absent peripheral pulses
  • Bulging structures in the esophagus (correct)
  • Burning sensations in the legs

What is the primary underlying cause of aortic aneurysms?

  • Venous insufficiency
  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Congenital heart defects

What is a common diagnostic test for assessing blood flow in peripheral arteries?

  • Doppler studies (correct)
  • Complete blood count
  • Electrocardiogram
  • Pulmonary function test

Which characteristic is associated with the appearance of skin in the case of ischemia caused by atherosclerosis?

<p>Dry and hairless (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if peripheral vascular issues lead to severe ischemia?

<p>Gangrene and possible amputation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of sympathetic innervation on the heart?

<p>Increases heart rate and contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a pulse deficit indicate?

<p>Difference in rates between apical and radial pulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the 'lubb' sound during the cardiac cycle?

<p>Closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is most useful for monitoring heart rhythms and muscle damage?

<p>Holter monitor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does exercise stress testing measure?

<p>Heart function and rhythm during physical activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a heart murmur?

<p>Unusual turbulence in blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart valve closing sound is associated with the beginning of ventricular diastole?

<p>Short, sharp 'dupp' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Increased pulmonary pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about congestive heart failure is incorrect?

<p>It always occurs as a standalone condition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure involves both right and left-sided failure?

<p>Combined heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cor pulmonale primarily affects which part of the heart?

<p>Right ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between arrhythmias and myocardial infarction?

<p>Arrhythmias are a common cause of death shortly after infarction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can contribute to increased demands on the heart, leading to congestive heart failure?

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does left-sided heart failure primarily result in?

<p>Pulmonary congestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the causes of congestive heart failure is accurate?

<p>It can be caused by both heart and respiratory issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with congestive heart failure development?

<p>Regular exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart rhythm is characterized by a regular fast rate between 100-160 beats per minute?

<p>Sinus tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of congenital heart defects?

<p>Decreased oxygen to all cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of congenital heart disease is characterized by the presence of oxygenated blood in systemic flow?

<p>Acyanotic heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defect involves mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood due to a structural issue in the heart?

<p>Septal defects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which period of embryonic life do congenital heart defects typically develop?

<p>First 8 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may indicate the presence of congenital heart defects?

<p>Heart murmurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of abnormalities can occur in the large vessels associated with congenital heart defects?

<p>Position or shape abnormalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of valvular defect associated with congenital heart defects?

<p>Aneurysm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to a heart rhythm with an irregular rate exceeding 300 beats per minute?

<p>Ventricular fibrillation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of congenital heart defects are typically classified as cyanotic?

<p>Defects allowing significant mixing of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital heart defect is the most prevalent among all congenital heart problems?

<p>Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of early cyanosis in congenital heart defects?

<p>Patent Ductus Arteriosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the Tetralogy of Fallot?

<p>Pulmonary valve stenosis, Ventricular septal defect, Dextroposition of the aorta, Right ventricular hypertrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of congenital heart defects on oxygen delivery to the body?

<p>Decreases oxygen delivery to all cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions results in blood bypassing the lungs and entering systemic circulation, causing a bluish color in skin and mucous membranes?

<p>Tetralogy of Fallot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of right ventricular hypertrophy caused by congenital heart defects?

<p>Altered pressures within the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital heart defect is typically categorized as an obstructive lesion?

<p>Coarctation of the Aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heart abnormality is associated with a significant presence of unoxygenated blood in systemic circulation?

<p>Tetralogy of Fallot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is NOT part of the Tetralogy of Fallot?

<p>Ventilator hypertrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would involve the presence of high pulmonary blood flow?

<p>Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sympathetic Nervous System on Heart

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart, increasing heart rate (tachycardia) and force of contraction.

Parasympathetic Nervous System on Heart

The parasympathetic nervous system, specifically through the vagus nerve, slows down the heart rate (bradycardia).

Pulse

The pulse is a rhythmic throbbing of an artery, felt as a wave of blood that is pushed through the arteries with each heartbeat.

Apical Pulse

The apical pulse is the heartbeat measured directly at the heart, usually with a stethoscope.

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Pulse Deficit

A pulse deficit is the difference between the apical pulse rate and the radial pulse rate. It indicates a problem with the heart's function.

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ECG or EKG

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity of the heart, revealing rhythm abnormalities (arrhythmias) and potential muscle damage.

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Exercise Stress Test

An exercise stress test involves monitoring the heart while you exercise (walking, biking) to see how it responds to physical exertion.

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Arrhythmias

Irregular heartbeats that can occur after a heart attack (infarction).

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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to buildup of fluid in the body.

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What causes CHF?

CHF can be caused by problems with the heart itself (like a heart attack or valve defect), increased demands on the heart (like high blood pressure or lung disease), or a combination of these factors.

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Left-Sided Heart Failure

A type of CHF where the left ventricle is weak, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary congestion).

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Right-Sided Heart Failure

A type of CHF where the right ventricle is weak, leading to fluid buildup in the body (systemic congestion).

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Combined Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure

The most common type of CHF, involving weakness in both ventricles, leading to both pulmonary and systemic congestion.

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Cor Pulmonale

A condition where the right ventricle of the heart is weakened due to a problem with the lungs.

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Congestive Heart Failure and Body Systems

CHF can affect different body systems – left-sided failure affects the lungs, right-sided failure affects the body, and combined failure affects both.

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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A hole in the wall separating the left and right ventricles, allowing blood to flow between them. It's the most common congenital heart problem, affecting around 1/3 of cases.

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Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A hole in the wall between the left and right atria. It allows blood to flow from the left atrium, which carries oxygenated blood, to the right atrium, which carries deoxygenated blood.

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Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A connection between the aorta (main artery) and the pulmonary artery (artery to the lungs) that remains open after birth, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

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Coarctation of the Aorta

A narrowing of the aorta, the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the body. This restricts blood flow to the lower body.

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Aortic Stenosis

A narrowing of the aortic valve, the valve that controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. This restricts blood flow to the body.

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Pulmonary Stenosis

A narrowing of the pulmonary valve, the valve that controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This restricts blood flow to the lungs.

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Sensory Impairment

A change in sensation, such as tingling, burning, or numbness, often experienced in the extremities due to nerve damage or reduced blood flow.

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Tetralogy of Fallot

A complex heart defect that includes four abnormalities: pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

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Cyanotic Heart Defect

A congenital heart defect where significant amounts of unoxygenated blood bypass the lungs and enter the systemic circulation, leading to a bluish color in the skin and mucous membranes, especially the lips and nails.

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Peripheral Pulses

Pulses felt in the extremities, such as the feet and legs, indicating blood flow to those areas.

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What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition?

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition.

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Aneurysm

A localized bulge or weakening in an artery wall, usually in the aorta (abdominal or thoracic), caused by various factors like atherosclerosis or trauma.

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Varicosities

Irregularly dilated and twisted veins, commonly found in the legs, esophagus (esophageal varices), and rectum (hemorrhoids).

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Edema

Swelling in the tissues, usually caused by fluid buildup due to poor venous return.

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Sinus Tachycardia

A heart rhythm that is regular and fast, with a rate between 100 and 160 beats per minute. It originates from the sinus node, the natural pacemaker of the heart.

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Ventricular Fibrillation

A life-threatening heart rhythm that is irregular and very fast, with a rate over 300 beats per minute. The ventricles, the main pumping chambers of the heart, quiver instead of pumping effectively.

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Congenital Heart Defects

Structural abnormalities of the heart present at birth. These defects develop during the first 8 weeks of embryonic life.

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Valvular Defects

Issues with the heart valves, such as stenosis (narrowing), incompetence (leakage), or prolapse (valve doesn't close properly). These defects disrupt the smooth flow of blood through the heart.

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Septal Defects

Holes in the walls separating the heart chambers (ventricular septal defect). Allow mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, affecting the heart's ability to pump properly.

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Shunts

Abnormal connections between blood vessels, such as the aorta and pulmonary artery. These can create abnormal blood flow and pressure within the heart.

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Acyanotic Congenital Heart Defects

Congenital heart defects where the blood circulating in the body is oxygenated, though the amount may be reduced. The skin does not appear blue (cyanotic).

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Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects

Congenital heart defects where oxygen-poor blood circulates in the body. This causes the skin to appear blue (cyanotic).

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Heart Murmurs

Abnormal sounds heard during a stethoscope examination of the heart. These sounds can indicate a variety of heart conditions, including congenital heart defects.

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What is the primary outcome of most congenital heart defects?

Reduced oxygen delivery to all cells in the body due to abnormal blood flow and circulation.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular Disorders

  • Cardiovascular disorders include heart disorders, vascular disorders, and shock.
  • The provided materials cover a range of cardiovascular disorders, including their pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and summary information.

Normal Cardiovascular System

  • The heart is a pump, circulating blood in both pulmonary and systemic circuits.
  • Located in the mediastinum between the lungs, it's enclosed in a double-walled pericardial sac.
  • Composed of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles), separated by septa.
  • Four heart valves regulate one-way blood flow.
  • The heart has three layers:
    • Fibrous pericardium (outer)
    • Myocardium (middle)
    • Endocardium (inner).

Heart Conduction System

  • Cardiac contractions are initiated and coordinated by specialized myocardial fibers.
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node, often called the pacemaker, is located in the right atrium.
  • The SA node generates impulses at a basic rate (sinus rhythm).
  • Impulses then travel through the conduction pathways:
    • Atria
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node
    • AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
    • Right and left bundle branches
    • Purkinje fibers.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

  • Records the electrical activity of the heart.
  • Shows normal or abnormal rhythm (arrhythmias), and can sometimes detect underlying heart muscle damage
  • A portable Holter monitor records heartbeats continuously.
  • Exercise stress tests involve monitoring the heart during exercise.

Diagnostic Tests for Cardiovascular Function

  • Auscultation (listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope) helps detect valvular abnormalities or abnormal blood shunts.
  • Echocardiography uses ultrasound to produce live images of the heart, valves, and heart chambers.
  • Chest X-rays, cardiac CT scans, and SPECT scans for visualization of structures.
  • Cardiac catheterization allows observation of narrowing in arteries, and overall pump function.
  • Doppler studies assess blood flow in peripheral blood vessels.
  • Laboratory tests involve checking enzyme and blood chemistry levels for issues such as MI, inflammation, or tissue damage.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

  • Characterized by arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis; degenerative changes in the arteries and arterioles.
  • Elasticity can be lost leading to plaque formation and blockage of lumen.
  • Angina pectoris is chest pain due to ischemia that can occur during exertion or rest.
  • Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is a blockage in a coronary artery causing damage to part of the heart muscle.
  • Associated risk factors include age, gender, genetic factors, obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, poor glycemic control, and hypertension.

Angina Pectoris

  • The term refers to chest discomfort; pain or discomfort can also occur in the shoulders, neck, jaw, and back.
  • It's a symptom of an underlying heart problem (usually coronary artery disease).
  • The pain can feel like pressure or squeezing in the chest.
  • Often caused by inadequate oxygen supply to heart.
  • This can be due insufficient myocardial blood supply (ischemia), severe anemia, or respiratory disease, or increased oxygen demands (tachycardia, etc.).
  • Several types of angina (stable, unstable, and variant) exist.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

  • Caused by complete occlusion of a coronary artery.
  • Leads to prolonged ischemia, cell death (infarction), primarily in the critical left ventricle.
  • Symptoms can include severe, steady, crushing substernal chest pain that radiates to the arm, jaw, or neck.
  • Patients often experience anxiety, pallor, diaphoresis, nausea, dyspnea, and hypotension.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

  • Heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic needs.
  • Usually a complication of another condition (e.g., hypertension, myocardial infarction, valve abnormalities, certain respiratory diseases, etc.).
  • Can affect the left side, or right side, or both sides of the heart.
  • Resulting in the backup of blood in the circulatory system.
  • Symptoms can vary depending on the affected side.

Cardiac Dysrhythmias (Arrhythmias)

  • Any deviation from a normal cardiac rate or rhythm, due to damage to the conduction system from factors like electrolyte abnormalities, infection, inflammation, etc..
  • Often detected and monitored via ECGs.
  • Dysrhythmias can reduce the heart's pumping efficiency.

Congenital Heart Defects

  • Structural defects in the heart that develop during the first eight weeks of embryonic life.
  • Can involve valves, septa, or major vessels
  • Outcomes can lead to decreased oxygen to cells of the body.
  • May be categorized as acyanotic or cyanotic, depending on circulatory aspects & oxygenation

Vascular Disorders

  • Includes disorders like hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, and phlebothrombosis.

Arterial Diseases: Hypertension

  • Characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure (above 140/90 mmHg).
  • Can be primary (essential) or secondary.
  • Can have mild or severe forms
  • Complications may be silent in the early stages of hypertension.

Blood pressure

  • Measured using a sphygmomanometer.
  • Consists of systolic and diastolic pressures (contraction/relaxation of heart).
  • Directly relates to the cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

Shock (Hypotension)

  • A medical emergency that results from decreased circulating blood volume impacting tissue perfusion and causing generalized hypoxia.
  • Several categories exist, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasogenic/neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic.
  • Characterized by low blood pressure, rapid pulse, and clammy/pale skin

Summary

  • Extensive summary of cardiovascular illnesses and their effects.
  • This comprehensive summary covers the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of the various discussed cardiovascular disorders.

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Cardiovascular Disorders PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to cardiovascular health, including symptoms, diagnostic tests, and heart failure. This quiz covers critical aspects such as peripheral artery occlusion and aortic aneurysms, along with heart sounds and rhythms. Perfect for students in medical or health science courses!

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