Cardiovascular Health Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

  • Cough
  • Air hunger (correct)
  • Fever
  • Nausea

    • In paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, the person typically experiences relief by remaining in bed.

    False

    What factors can increase respiratory distress during daily activities in heart failure?

    Increased intrathoracic blood volume

    Common symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, edema, and ______.

    <p>palpitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms with their corresponding questions about chest pain.

    <p>When did it start? = Timing of symptoms Where is the pain located? = Location of pain Does the pain radiate? = Pain characteristics Have you had this type of pain before? = Past medical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain feature is considered a major finding in heart-related symptoms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cough is a symptom that should be asked about when evaluating chest pain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one initiating factor that can lead to chest pain.

    <p>Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cardiac catheterization?

    <p>To assess oxygen saturation and evaluate coronary anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Local anesthesia is not applied to the throat during TEE procedures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored throughout the TEE procedure?

    <p>ECG and vital signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure is a disease in which _____ and/or _____ is impaired.

    <p>filling, emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following techniques with their purposes:

    <p>Angiocardiography = Examine coronary arteries Electrophysiological examination = Assess electrical activity of the heart Coronary ultrasonography = Evaluate structural changes in arteries Biopsy = Obtain tissue samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cardiac risk factor related to age?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Men have the same risk of myocardial infarction (MI) as post-menopausal women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a 12-lead ECG help identify?

    <p>Dysrhythmias and cardiac ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in heart rate that can occur with advanced age?

    <p>bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients should keep their mouths closed for at least 4 hours after the TEE procedure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of heart failure?

    <p>Structural or functional disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition known as ______ occurs when there is a buildup of fluid in the body's tissues.

    <p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiac symptoms with their definitions:

    <p>Chest Pain = Discomfort or pain in the chest area Palpitation = A feeling of having a fast-beating or pounding heart Arrhythmia = An irregular heartbeat Claudication = Pain caused by too little blood flow during exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can be affected by smoking?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angina is often associated with coronary arteriosclerosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'arrhythmia' refer to in cardiac evaluation?

    <p>An irregular heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about atrioventricular valves is correct?

    <p>They are responsible for preventing backflow of blood into the atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sinoatrial node produces 40-60 impulses per minute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pulmonary artery in the circulatory system?

    <p>To carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The impulse from the AV node is transmitted to the ventricles through the __________.

    <p>bundle of His</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the conduction system with their functions:

    <p>Sinoatrial node = Produces primary electrical impulses AV node = Delays impulse before ventricles Bundle of His = Transmits impulses to myocardium Purkinje fibers = Distributes impulses throughout the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does one complete heart cycle last?

    <p>0.8 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart pumps approximately 750 liters of blood per day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of autoregulation in heart muscle function?

    <p>To increase contraction strength as the heart muscle is stretched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart failure is characterized by impaired left-ventricular function?

    <p>Systolic heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prevalence of heart failure among individuals aged 70-80 is 10%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two signs and symptoms of heart failure.

    <p>Dyspnea, fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prevalence of hypertension, CAD, diabetes, and obesity in Turkey is above the average of __________ countries.

    <p>industrialized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical features with their corresponding symptoms:

    <p>Peripheral edema = Ascites Fatigue, weakness = Decreased exercise tolerance Severe dyspnea at rest = Fluid retention Confusion = Inadequate peripheral perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to acute heart failure? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Acute myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure accounts for approximately 1-2% of a country's budget.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients admitted to the hospital acutely suffer from heart failure?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of serum electrolytes such as sodium and potassium?

    <p>Cell depolarization and repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypomagnesemia can prolong the QT interval on an ECG.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the first symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

    <p>Lethargy and decreased neuromuscular activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in the LDL/HDL ratio indicates a higher risk of __________.

    <p>coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their effects on the ECG:

    <p>Hypokalemia = Ventricular fibrillation Hyperkalemia = Prolonged QT interval Hypomagnesemia = Life-threatening arrhythmias Hypermagnesemia = Decreased neuromuscular activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is necessary for coagulability and neuromuscular activity?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluid excess is indicated by hypernatremia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic tests are routinely performed before invasive procedures?

    <p>Coagulation tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Internal Medicine Nursing Week 4

    • This document covers Internal Medicine Nursing for Week 4 of the course.
    • The focus is on Cardiovascular Diseases and Nursing Care.
    • Subtopics include Heart Anatomy and Physiology, Layers of the Heart, Functional Cavities of the Heart, Heart Valves, Vascular Structure of the Heart, Conduction System of the Heart, Heart Cycle, Evaluation of Cardiac Functions, Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure, and Common Symptoms.

    Heart Anatomy and Physiology

    • The heart is located slightly to the left of the chest's midline, with the sternum in the front and spine in the back providing protective anatomy.
    • It is approximately 350 grams in weight.

    Layers of the Heart

    • Endocardium: The inner layer covering the heart's cavities and internal structures (epithelial tissue).
    • Myocardium: The middle layer consisting of thin muscles enabling involuntary contraction of the heart (cardiac muscle has striated structure).
    • Pericardium: A two-layered membrane surrounding the heart. The parietal pericardium is the outer layer, acting as a barrier against infections. The visceral pericardium is the inner layer, closely attached to the heart. The pericardial space between these layers contains 10-12 ml of pericardial fluid.

    Functional Cavities of the Heart

    • Right atrium: The first part of the heart where blood is pumped from the body via superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, anterior cardiac veins, coronary sinus, and marginal vein.
    • Right ventricle: Receives blood from the vena cava, pumps it into the pulmonary artery.
    • Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins.
    • Left ventricle: The thickest-walled cavity, pumps blood into the aorta.

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral)
    • Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)

    Vascular Structure of the Heart

    • The superior vena cava carries venous blood from the upper body (head, neck, and upper extremities) to the right atrium.
    • The inferior vena cava carries venous blood from the lower body (lower extremities) to the right atrium.
    • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
    • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
    • The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

    Conduction System of the Heart

    • Sinoatrial (SA) node: The primary pacemaker, initiating 60-100 impulses per minute in the right atrium.
    • Atrioventricular (AV) node: It receives the impulses from the SA node, delays it, and then transmits it to the ventricles (40-60 impulses per minute).
    • Bundle of His: The impulse is then transmitted to the right and left bundle branches and ultimately to the Purkinje fibers, stimulating the ventricles to contract.

    Heart Cycle

    • One heart cycle comprises systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) and lasts for about 0.8 seconds.
    • Diastole is 0.5 seconds, Systole is 0.3 seconds
    • The heart pumps approximately 7500 liters of blood per day.
    • Control of heart function is through autoregulation (starling's law) and neurohormonal control.

    Evaluation of Cardiac Functions

    • Includes nursing history (health perceptions, nutrition, elimination, exercise, sleep, role perception, stress, religion, and culture).
    • Requires detailed medical history (heart disease, hypertension, surgical interventions, chest pain, palpitations, arrhythmias, heart sounds, edema, claudication, and test results).
    • Assessment of age and gender (risk factors for heart attack, incidence of heart disease in men vs. women).
    • Physical examination includes checking skin appearance, general view, and blood pressure.
    • Blood pressure normal value around 100/60-140/90 mmHg in adults.

    Additional Topics (Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure, Common Symptoms)

    • Detailed descriptions of blood pressure, pulse pressure, and a range of common symptoms (dyspnea, palpitation, chest pain, cough).
    • Specific questions to ask during assessment related to each symptom

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Details of plasma cardiac enzyme/isoenzymes, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium importance in heart functions).
    • lipid and lipoprotein tests, hematological studies, chest X-ray, long term ambulatory ECG recording, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.
    • Importance of each test and relevant pre-procedure guidelines.

    Cardiovascular System Diseases

    • Information about heart failure, including different classifications (acute vs. chronic, high vs. low flow, left-right heart failure, systolic vs. diastolic), epidemiology, etiology, signs and symptoms.
    • Framingham criteria detailed.
    • Treatment and nursing care related to each of these conditions

    Peripheral Vascular Diseases

    • Categories of arteriosclerosis (ASO/Arteriosclerosis Obliterans, etiology, signs and symptoms)
    • Details of Buerger's disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans/Pruning Disease), etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment, and nursing care.
    • Varicose veins (anatomy, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment, and nursing care).
    • Thrombophlebitis (etiology, signs and symptoms), diagnostic methods, treatment, and nursing care.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the symptoms, risks, and procedures related to heart failure and chest pain. This quiz covers important aspects like paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cardiac catheterization, and risk factors for heart disease. Enhance your understanding of cardiovascular health and common medical practices.

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