Cardiovascular System Part 12: Heart Failure
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with left heart failure?

  • Constipation (correct)
  • Cough
  • Wheezing
  • Tachycardia

What is a characteristic feature of left heart failure related to breathing?

  • Tachypnea (correct)
  • Apnea
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypoventilation

Which action is most effective in reducing cardiac work?

  • Introducing stress-reducing techniques
  • Restricting patient activities (correct)
  • Prescribing dietary supplements
  • Increasing physical exercise

Which clinical finding might indicate fluid accumulation in the lungs due to left heart failure?

<p>Rales in the chest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a method to correct underlying causes of impaired cardiac performance?

<p>Treating obesity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential intervention that might reduce cardiac work through mechanical means?

<p>Mechanical ventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In left heart failure, which symptom may signify the body's compensatory mechanism?

<p>Tachycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatment methods is least likely to help with fever management in cardiac patients?

<p>Sedatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common respiratory symptom associated with left heart failure that affects lung function?

<p>Wheezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common approach to improve cardiac performance through patient lifestyle modifications?

<p>Promoting relaxation techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one symptom associated with peripheral cyanosis?

<p>Small volume pulse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended positioning for treatment?

<p>30° propped up (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reducing cardiac work is a goal in the treatment of which condition?

<p>Peripheral cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a problem with nutrient absorption as suggested by the symptoms?

<p>Not gaining weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment aims to improve heart muscle function?

<p>Increasing myocardial contractility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom might indicate inadequate blood circulation?

<p>Peripheral cyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with a small volume pulse?

<p>Possible shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is NOT typically prioritized in managing cyanosis?

<p>Nutrition supplementation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activities are considered a violation of the Copyright Act according to the content?

<p>Sharing the notes by electronic means (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms of reproduction are listed as equal violations under the Copyright Act?

<p>Screenshots and scanning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who can be held accountable for violations of the Copyright Act regarding these notes?

<p>Anyone involved directly or indirectly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following platforms is mentioned as a potential medium for violating copyright?

<p>Telegram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence mentioned for violating the Copyright Act?

<p>Punishment and fines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included as a mechanical means of reproduction?

<p>Scribing notes by hand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent copyright violations regarding notes?

<p>Sharing via social media platforms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reproduction of notes by which of the following methods is allowed?

<p>Viewing copies on your own device (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of propping a patient up to 30 degrees?

<p>It reduces fluid accumulation in the lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medication helps to reduce the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

<p>ACE inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of β-blockers in managing heart function?

<p>They slow down heart rate to reduce tachycardia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ACE inhibitors contribute to reducing cardiac workload?

<p>By inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does pooling of edema fluid have when a patient is not propped up?

<p>It decreases respiratory efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of using β-blockers in heart failure management?

<p>Decreased heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does propping a patient up to 30 degrees affect their breathing?

<p>It reduces the work of breathing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct action of ACE inhibitors?

<p>Increasing heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary definition of Congestive Cardiac Failure?

<p>Inability of the heart to maintain output at rest or during stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of Congestive Cardiac Failure in infants?

<p>Rheumatic heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with right heart failure?

<p>Periorbital swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is identified as a cause of congestive heart failure specifically in children?

<p>Rheumatic fever (beyond 5 years) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is least likely to be associated with right heart failure?

<p>Decreased pulmonary pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanical method of reproduction is considered a violation of copyright according to the content?

<p>Photocopying (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In adults, which of the following is not a common cause of congestive heart failure?

<p>Systemic hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by raised JVP in right heart failure?

<p>Increased blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pedal Edema

A buildup of fluid in the legs, causing swelling, often seen in people with heart failure.

Left Heart Failure

A sign of left heart failure where the heart cannot effectively pump blood throughout the body, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs.

Wheezing

A forceful expulsion of air from the lungs, often accompanied by a whistling sound, a common symptom of left heart failure.

Tachycardia

An abnormally fast heart rate, often a symptom of left heart failure, as the heart tries to compensate for reduced blood flow.

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Tachypnea

An abnormally fast breathing rate, often a symptom of left heart failure as the body tries to compensate for low oxygen levels.

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Copyright Infringement

The act of copying or distributing copyrighted material without permission.

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Copyright

A legal protection granted to creators of original works, like books, music, and software.

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Reproduction (of copyrighted material)

The act of making a copy or reproduction of something, often using electronic means like screenshots or scanning.

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Means Of Reproduction

Methods used to copy or distribute information, including electronic means (email, social media) and traditional methods (photocopying, printing).

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Copyright Act

A legal document that outlines penalties for violating copyright laws.

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Punishable & Fined

The consequences for violating copyright laws, including fines and potential legal action.

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Directly Involved

People directly involved in copyright infringement, such as those who make or distribute copies.

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Indirectly Involved

People indirectly involved in copyright infringement, such as those who share or distribute copied material.

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Congestive Heart Failure

The heart's inability to pump blood effectively at rest or during activity, leading to back-up of blood in the circulatory system.

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Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by viruses.

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Kawasaki Disease

A rare but serious disease affecting infants, predominantly Japanese children, causing inflammation of blood vessels, including the coronary arteries.

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Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)

A condition in newborns where the blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed, leading to increased pressure in the heart.

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Periorbital Swelling

A sign of right heart failure indicating increased pressure in the veins leading to swelling around the eyes.

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Facial Puffiness

A sign of right heart failure, indicating swelling of the face due to increased pressure in the veins.

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Raised JVP

A sign of right heart failure where the jugular vein in the neck becomes visibly enlarged.

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Tender Hepatomegaly

A sign of right heart failure where the liver becomes enlarged and tender due to back-up of blood.

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Peripheral Cyanosis

A condition where the extremities, particularly fingers and toes, appear bluish due to reduced blood flow and oxygen levels.

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Not Gaining Weight

Failure to gain weight as expected, often associated with inadequate nutrition or underlying medical conditions.

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Small Volume Pulse

A weak pulse with a small volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, indicating reduced cardiac output.

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Airway (30° propped up)

Maintaining a clear airway by positioning the patient at a 30-degree angle to prevent the tongue from blocking the airway.

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Breathing

Assessing the patient's breathing rate, rhythm, and effort.

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Circulation

Evaluating the patient's circulation by checking pulse, blood pressure, capillary refill, and skin color.

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Reducing Cardiac Work

Measures aimed at reducing the workload of the heart, such as rest, fluid restriction, and reduction of anxiety.

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Increasing Myocardial Contractility

Strategies used to enhance the heart's ability to pump blood by using medications like inotropes, which strengthen heart muscle contractions.

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Restricting patient activities

Reducing patient activity levels to reduce their heart's workload.

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Sedatives

Medications that calm the body, reducing the heart rate and workload.

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Treat fever/anemia/obesity

Treating conditions like fever, anemia, or obesity that can strain the heart.

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Mechanical ventilation

Using a machine to breathe for the patient, reducing the heart's effort.

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Propped up to 30 degrees

Positioning a patient with heart failure at a 30-degree angle helps reduce fluid buildup in the lungs, making breathing easier.

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ACE Inhibitors in Heart Failure

ACE inhibitors, like Captopril and Enalapril, reduce the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, thereby lowering blood pressure and reducing the workload on the heart.

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Beta-blockers in Heart Failure

Beta-blockers, such as Metoprolol and Carvedilol, help slow down the heart rate, reducing the workload on the heart and improving blood circulation.

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Reducing Vasoconstriction and Fluid Retention

By decreasing the amount of fluid retention and reducing vasoconstriction, these drugs help reduce the workload on the heart.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System (Part 12)

  • Congestive Cardiac Failure: Inability of the heart to maintain adequate output, either at rest or during exertion.

Causes of Congestive Cardiac Failure (Infant)

  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Myocarditis
  • Kawasaki Disease (with coronary occlusion)
  • Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)
  • Miscellaneous: Anemia, Hypoglycemia
  • Infections/Hypocalcemia

Causes of Congestive Cardiac Failure (Children)

  • Rheumatic Fever (beyond 5 years of age)
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease
  • Systemic Hypertension
  • Myocarditis

Features of Right Heart Failure

  • Periorbital swelling
  • Facial puffiness
  • Elevated Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)
  • Tender Hepatomegaly
  • Ascites
  • Effusion
  • Scrotal Edema
  • Bilateral pitting pedal edema

Features of Left Heart Failure

  • Cough
  • Wheezing

Cardiac Enlargement Features

  • Peripheral cyanosis
  • Not gaining weight
  • Small volume pulse

Treatment for Congestive Cardiac Failure

  • Airway Management (30° propped up)
  • Breathing Support
  • Circulatory Support (reducing cardiac work, increasing myocardial contractility, improving cardiac performance, and correcting underlying cause)
  • Restricting patient activities
  • Sedatives
  • Treating fever, anemia, and obesity
  • Mechanical Ventilation; and, Prop up to 30 degrees. This positioning helps to reduce edema pooling in the lungs.
  • ACE inhibitors (e.g., Captopril/Enalapril): Reduce the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, reducing vasoconstriction and salt/water retention.
  • Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol/carvedilol): Reduce tachycardia.

Medication Dosages (for Increasing Myocardial Contractility)

  • Digoxin: Dose(s) vary based on the patient's age (premature neonates, 1 month-1 year, etc.).
  • Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide, Spironolactone): dosages also based on age and other factors (such as dosage per kg/body weight).

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Cardiovascular System (Part-12) PDF

Description

This quiz dives into the complexities of congestive cardiac failure in infants and children. Explore the causes and symptoms related to right and left heart failure, along with notable features of cardiac enlargement. Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system and enhance your understanding of cardiac conditions.

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