Cardiovascular System Overview

Rapid, jerky, involuntary movements

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Weakness starting in the muscles supplied by the cranial nerves

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the thorax that pumps blood.

The heart has three layers: endocardium (inner), myocardium (middle), and epicardium (outer).

The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles, responsible for pumping blood.

Four heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow within the heart chambers.

Atrioventricular valves separate atria from ventricles; semilunar valves prevent backflow to ventricles.

These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle during diastole.

A condition where there is insufficient blood flow to meet heart muscle's needs.

The heart's natural pacemaker located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium.

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart to assess its function.

A structure that helps conduct electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.

Common symptoms include fatigue, breathlessness, and fluid retention leading to edema.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is called pulse pressure.

A severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to stroke and organ damage.

Monitoring uses devices to check for irregularities in heartbeats and overall heart function.

A medical device that regulates heartbeats in cases of abnormal heart rhythm.

The pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.

The pressure in the arteries during the heart's contraction or pumping phase.

Unmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease include age and family history.

Commonly known as a heart attack, resulting from blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.

Symptoms include chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath related to narrowed arteries.

Listening to the heart sounds can indicate abnormalities in blood flow and valve function.

Long-term high blood pressure can lead to heart failure, kidney damage, and stroke.

Oxygenated blood is supplied by coronary arteries to the heart muscle.

The inner layer of the heart made up of endothelial tissue.

The muscular middle layer of the heart responsible for pumping blood.

The outer layer of the heart that has protective functions.

The fibrous sac encasing the heart.

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

The two lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart.

Valves that separate the atria from the ventricles.

Valves located between the ventricles and major arteries, preventing backflow.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

The volume of blood pumped from each ventricle with each heartbeat.

The percentage of blood that is pumped out of a filled ventricle.

A condition where the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick.

A chronic condition where the heart cannot pump effectively.

An irregular heartbeat caused by issues with electrical impulses.

The flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.

The flow of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body.

A fatty substance in the blood that can contribute to heart disease.

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked.

Conditions or habits that increase the likelihood of heart disease.

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out.

Commonly known as a heart attack, resulting from blocked blood flow to the heart muscle.

Evaluating how well the heart valves are operating and if they are opening/closing properly.

The flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.

Listening to heart sounds can indicate abnormalities.