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Questions and Answers
LVEDV stands for Left Ventricular End-_______________ Volume.
LVEDV stands for Left Ventricular End-_______________ Volume.
Diastolic
The normal SV / LVEDV range is between __% and 70%.
The normal SV / LVEDV range is between __% and 70%.
55
During exercise, blood flow is redistributed to __________ muscles to meet higher oxygen demands.
During exercise, blood flow is redistributed to __________ muscles to meet higher oxygen demands.
skeletal
Training leads to an increase in stroke volume and a decrease in heart rate, known as __________.
Training leads to an increase in stroke volume and a decrease in heart rate, known as __________.
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Improvements in exercise efficiency include an increase in the thickness of ventricular walls, known as ______________.
Improvements in exercise efficiency include an increase in the thickness of ventricular walls, known as ______________.
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The ______ wave occurs when the ventricles reset and expand after contraction.
The ______ wave occurs when the ventricles reset and expand after contraction.
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RBCs, or ______, are responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body.
RBCs, or ______, are responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body.
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The ______ pump helps return blood to the heart by the contraction of skeletal muscles.
The ______ pump helps return blood to the heart by the contraction of skeletal muscles.
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The ______ is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
The ______ is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
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During exercise, ______ signals cause venoconstriction to push blood to the heart.
During exercise, ______ signals cause venoconstriction to push blood to the heart.
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The Frank Starling law relates to the ______ of the myocardium during diastole.
The Frank Starling law relates to the ______ of the myocardium during diastole.
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WBCs, or ______, are responsible for fighting off diseases in the body.
WBCs, or ______, are responsible for fighting off diseases in the body.
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The pressure in the left ventricle must be greater than ______ pressure for blood to be pumped.
The pressure in the left ventricle must be greater than ______ pressure for blood to be pumped.
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The left half of the heart pumps blood to the body, known as ______ circulation.
The left half of the heart pumps blood to the body, known as ______ circulation.
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The right side of the heart pumps blood to the ______.
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the ______.
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Myocardium is the heart ______ tissue responsible for contractions.
Myocardium is the heart ______ tissue responsible for contractions.
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Myocardial infarction is commonly known as a heart ______.
Myocardial infarction is commonly known as a heart ______.
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The function of heart ______ is to ensure blood only flows in one direction.
The function of heart ______ is to ensure blood only flows in one direction.
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During ______, atria contract and blood is pumped into the ventricles.
During ______, atria contract and blood is pumped into the ventricles.
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The ______ node is responsible for sending signals that initiate heart contractions.
The ______ node is responsible for sending signals that initiate heart contractions.
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Systolic blood pressure is the force/pressure when the ventricles ______.
Systolic blood pressure is the force/pressure when the ventricles ______.
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Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns ______ blood back to the heart.
Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns ______ blood back to the heart.
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Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through ______ veins.
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through ______ veins.
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Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart and to the ______ for oxygenation.
Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart and to the ______ for oxygenation.
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The coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle, also known as the ______.
The coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle, also known as the ______.
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During incremental exercise, untrained individuals may level off their stroke volume at ______% of VO2 max.
During incremental exercise, untrained individuals may level off their stroke volume at ______% of VO2 max.
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Cardiovascular drift occurs when stroke volume decreases slightly and heart rate ______ to maintain cardiac output.
Cardiovascular drift occurs when stroke volume decreases slightly and heart rate ______ to maintain cardiac output.
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Flow to muscles can increase from 15-20% of cardiac output at rest to ______% at maximum exercise.
Flow to muscles can increase from 15-20% of cardiac output at rest to ______% at maximum exercise.
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The heart is referred to as a ______ pump because it has two separate pumping systems: one for the body and one for the lungs.
The heart is referred to as a ______ pump because it has two separate pumping systems: one for the body and one for the lungs.
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
-
Systemic Circulation: Responsible for delivering oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood.
- Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
- It then passes through the bicuspid valve and is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.
- Blood travels through arteries to the body.
-
Pulmonary Circulation: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.
- It passes through the tricuspid valve, then to the right ventricle.
- From the right ventricle, blood is pumped to the pulmonary arteries.
- Blood travels through capillaries in the lungs, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen.
- Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins.
-
Coronary Circulation: The system of blood vessels that supplies blood to the heart muscle (myocardium).
- Oxygen-rich blood flows to the heart via coronary arteries, branches of the aorta.
- Blood delivers oxygen through capillary beds in the myocardium.
- Deoxygenated blood returns through cardiac veins to the right atrium via the coronary sinus.
How the Body Responds to Increased Oxygen Demands During Exercise
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Changes in Cardiac Output (Q): Cardiac output increases in response to the intensity of exercise.
- Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) both increase.
- Untrained individuals reach a plateau in SV at 40% of VO2 max while HR and Q continue to rise.
Myocardium
- Myocardium Definition: Heart muscle tissue responsible for contractions that pump blood.
- Function: Involuntary, striated muscle with cells connected by intercalated discs for synchronized contraction.
- Mechanism: Calcium-mediated sliding filament theory.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
- Cause: Reduced blood flow to the myocardium due to blockage in coronary arteries.
- Mechanism: Fatty plaques build up in the coronary arteries; a blood clot can obstruct blood flow resulting in damaged and dying heart tissue (myocardial infarction)
- Severity: Severity depends on the location and the number of coronary arteries affected.
Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart
- Blood flows through the heart in a specific direction with valves preventing backflow.
- Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves prevent backflow between atria and ventricles.
- Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary and Aortic valves prevent backflow from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery/aorta
Cardiac Cycle Phases
- Systole: Phase of contraction where the atria and ventricles pump blood.
- Diastole: Phase of relaxation where the atria and ventricles fill with blood.
Electrical Activity in the Heart
- Cardiac Conduction System: Signal originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, spreads through the atria, atrioventricular (AV) node, and the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles for coordinated contraction.
- Conduction from one part of the heart to the next is critical for efficient pumping.
Blood Composition and Functions
- Plasma: Transports oxygen and nutrients; regulates temperature and pH.
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- White Blood Cells (WBC): Fight infection.
- Platelets: Involved in blood clotting.
Methods of Venous Return
- Skeletal Muscle Pump: Muscle contractions massage veins and increase pressure, facilitating blood return to the heart.
- Thoracic Pump: Pressure changes during breathing help push blood back towards the heart.
- Venoconstriction: Nervous system signals can narrow veins to increase blood flow back to the heart.
Factors That Regulate Stroke Volume
- Preload (LVEDV - Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume): Stretch in the left ventricle stimulates contraction strength during diastole.
- Afterload: The pressure the ventricles must overcome to push blood into systemic circulation.
- Contractility: The ability of the ventricles to contract forcefully.
- Increased epinephrine in the blood during exercise increase the ventricles' contractility.
Blood Flow Redistribution During Exercise
- Blood flow to muscles increases significantly during exercise.
- Other organs, like the intestines, stomach and other organs receive less blood flow.
- Regulation of body temperature during exercise.
###Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise Training
- Improvements in heart mass and dimensions
- Increased ventricular volume
- Thicker ventricular walls
- Increased strength of ventricular contractions
- Improved stroke volume and cardiac output.
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Description
Explore the intricate workings of the cardiovascular system, including systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulation. This quiz covers how oxygenated and deoxygenated blood travels through the heart and body. Test your knowledge on the pathways of blood flow and their significance in maintaining circulatory health.
