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Questions and Answers
What is the medical term for a state of slow heart rate?
What is the medical term for a state of slow heart rate?
Which word describes a local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction?
Which word describes a local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction?
What does the term 'cardiologist' refer to?
What does the term 'cardiologist' refer to?
What does the term 'orthostatic hypotension' describe?
What does the term 'orthostatic hypotension' describe?
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What condition is characterized by a complete stopping of heart activity?
What condition is characterized by a complete stopping of heart activity?
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Which layer of the heart is responsible for contraction?
Which layer of the heart is responsible for contraction?
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What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system regarding waste?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system regarding waste?
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Which combining form indicates a vessel or duct?
Which combining form indicates a vessel or duct?
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What does an angiogram record?
What does an angiogram record?
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What is the definition of angiostenosis?
What is the definition of angiostenosis?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System Organs
- The heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart
- Capillaries are exchange sites between blood and tissues
- Veins carry blood towards the heart
Cardiovascular System Functions
- Distributes blood to all body areas
- Delivers needed substances to cells
- Removes wastes
Heart Chambers and Major Blood Vessels
- The heart has four chambers: two atria (right and left) and two ventricles (right and left)
- Major blood vessels include the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, aorta, and pulmonary trunk.
- Other parts include the pulmonary valve, bicuspid valve, and mitral valve. These regulate blood flow in the heart.
Heart Layers
- Endocardium: Inner layer lining the heart chambers, reducing friction as blood passes through.
- Myocardium: Thick muscle layer responsible for contracting and creating pressure to pump blood via blood vessels.
- Epicardium: Outer layer forming the visceral pericardium sac. This helps reduce friction during heartbeats.
Cardiovascular Combining Forms
- General Combining Forms: angi/o (vessel), aort/o (aorta), arteri/o (artery), ather/o (fatty substance), atri/o (atrium), cardi/o (heart)
- Additional Combining Forms: coron/o (heart), hemangi/o (blood vessel), phleb/o (vein), sphygm/o (pulse), steth/o (chest), thromb/o (clot), valv/o (valve), valvul/o (valve), vascul/o (blood vessel), vas/o (vessel, duct), ven/o (vein), ventricul/o (ventricle).
Heart Conduction System
- The sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) initiates the heartbeat.
- Internodal pathways transmit signals between the atria.
- The atrioventricular (AV) node delays the signal.
- The AV bundle (Bundle of His) transmits signals to the ventricles.
- Bundle branches distribute signals to parts of the ventricles.
- Purkinje fibers spread the signal through the ventricles.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Waves
- P wave: Precedes atrial systole
- QRS complex: Precedes ventricular systole
- T wave: Precedes ventricular diastole
Word Building with Combining Forms (angio)
- -gram: Angiogram (record of a vessel)
- -itis: Angiitis (inflammation of a vessel)
- -plasty: Angioplasty (surgical repair of a vessel)
- -spasm: Angiosapasm (contraction of a vessel by involuntary muscle action)
- -stenosis: Angiostenosis (narrowing of a vessel)
Word Building with Combining Forms (ather/o & atri/o)
- -ectomy: Atherectomy (surgical removal of a fatty substance)
- -oma: Atheroma (fatty substance, such as a tumor or growth)
- -al: Atrial (pertaining to the atrium)
- -al: Interatrial (pertaining to between the atria)
Word Building with Combining Forms (cardi/o)
- -ac: Cardiac (pertaining to the heart)
- -brady- -ia: Bradycardia (state of slow heart)
- -electr/o -gram: Electrocardiogram (record of heart's electricity)
- -megaly: Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart)
- -my/o -al: Myocardial (pertaining to the heart muscle)
- -ologist: Cardiologist (heart specialist)
- -rrhexis: Cardiorrhexis (ruptured heart)
- -tachy- -ia: Tachycardia (state of fast heart)
Word Building with Combining Forms (coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o)
- -ary: Coronary (pertaining to the heart)
- -itis: Phlebitis (inflammation of a vein)
- -ar: Vascular (pertaining to a blood vessel)
Word Building with Combining Forms (ven/o & ventricul/o)
- -ous: Venous (pertaining to veins)
- -ule: Venule (small vein)
- -gram: Venogram (record of a vein)
- -ar: Ventricular (pertaining to ventricles)
- inter- -ar: Interventricular (pertaining to between ventricles)
Cardiovascular Vocabulary
- Cardiology: Branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease
- Ischemia: Temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction
- Murmur: Abnormal heart sound
- Palpitations: Pounding, racing heartbeats
- Orthostatic hypotension: Sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up
- Sphygmomanometer: Blood pressure cuff
Heart Pathology
- Angina pectoris: Severe pain and sensation of constriction around the heart
- Arrhythmia: Irregularity in heartbeat
- Cardiac arrest: Complete stopping of heart activity
- Cardiomyopathy: Myocardial disease (heart muscle disease)
- Congestive heart failure (CHF): Left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood
- Coronary artery disease (CAD): Poor blood supply to heart muscle
- Endocarditis: Inflammation of lining membranes of heart
- Myocardial infarction (MI): A heart attack (insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart)
- Myocarditis: Inflammation of heart muscle
- Pericarditis: Inflammation of pericardial sac
- Hypertension: Increase in blood pressure
- Hypotension: Decrease in blood pressure
- Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots
- Thrombus: Blood clot within a blood vessel
- Arteriosclerosis: Hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
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Description
Explore the essential components of the cardiovascular system, including its organs, functions, heart chambers, major blood vessels, and layers. This quiz will test your understanding of how blood circulates through the body and the roles of various cardiac structures.
