N715 Exam 3 New Pt 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary structural change that occurs in the heart to form a ventricular septal defect?

Failure of the foramen ovale to close

Excessive fusion of endocardial cushions

Inadequate development of the muscular interventricular septum (correct)

Premature partitioning of the aorta

Which of the following is a common indicator of cyanosis due to a right-to-left shunt?

Increased pulmonary blood flow

Decreased oxygen saturation in systemic circulation (correct)

Elevated systemic pressure

Peripheral cyanosis in extremities

How does mitochondrial function affect cardiac muscle performance in cases of right ventricular hypertrophy?

Increased ATP production enhances contractility

Normal function is maintained regardless of hypertrophy

Enhanced fatty acid oxidation improves efficiency

Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis leads to energy deficits (correct)

What effect does pulmonary stenosis have on the right ventricle?

Increases ventricular wall thickness Signup and view all the answers

Which neurohumoral response system primarily helps the body cope with hypotension by increasing blood pressure?

RAAS system Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the partitioning of the atria during fetal heart development?

Formation of the septum primum Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological mechanism is likely disrupted in a patient with significant right ventricular hypertrophy?

Oxygen exchange efficiency Signup and view all the answers

During which week of gestation does the partitioning of the ventricles occur?

Seventh week Signup and view all the answers

How does increased preload affect ventricular function?

It enhances cardiac output by improving contraction strength. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of poor electrical conduction in the cardiac system?

The heart may develop bradycardia or heart blocks. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pulmonary hypertension, what is a significant risk factor?

Mean pulmonary artery pressure exceeding 35 mmHg. Signup and view all the answers

What role do intercalated discs play in cardiac muscle function?

They enable unified contraction of cardiac muscle fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Frank-Starling law indicate about heart function?

Optimal ventricular filling leads to enhanced cardiac performance. Signup and view all the answers

How do catecholamines affect cardiac function?

They enhance both heart rate and myocardial contractility. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does right ventricular hypertrophy have on the heart's overall function?

It may result in compromised cardiac output and function. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major consequence of untreated mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac cells?

Reduced ability of the heart to generate action potentials. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs during the QRS interval in an ECG?

Ventricular depolarization. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by ineffective contraction of heart cells despite electrical stimulation?

Cardiac contractility impairment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological consequence of ventricular septal defect in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

How does cyanosis primarily occur in the context of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Insufficient oxygenated blood reaches systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in ventricular septal defect-related conditions?

They are essential for energy production and can suffer dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of right ventricular hypertrophy in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Boot-shaped heart on chest x-ray Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pulmonary stenosis, what physiological change typically occurs?

Increased pressure in the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism contributes to the episodes of tet spells in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot?

Transient obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the changes observed in the coronary arteries due to inflammatory responses in conditions like Kawasaki disease?

Narrowing and potential aneurysm formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the hypertrophy of the right ventricle in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Obstruction of blood flow due to pulmonary stenosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms indicates a more severe case of cyanosis in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Clubbing of fingers and toes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of untreated ventricular septal defects in infants?

Fluid overload leading to pulmonary hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic finding is associated with aortic valve displacement in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Displacement over the ventricular septal defect Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs in the body after the development of pulmonary stenosis?

Increased workload on the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular mechanism is primarily affected in patients with mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac conditions?

Aerobic respiration efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased neutrophil elastase during the inflammatory response in vascular conditions?

Enhanced scar formation in arteries Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Overview

Afterload is cardiac output - the force against which the heart pushes.
Contractility is the pump function.
Preload is the venous system return to the heart, directly affecting delivery to the right atrium.
Blood is oxygenated in the lungs.
Major and minor vessels transport blood.
Veins have valves, returning blood to the heart.
Arteries provide afterload.
Capillary beds are crucial for perfusion to tissues.

Conducting System

The sinoatrial node (pacemaker) initiates the heartbeat.
Internodal pathways conduct signals.
The atrioventricular node (AV node) delays signal.
The atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) transmits the signal.
Bundle branches transmit to Purkinje fibers.
Purkinje fibers stimulate ventricular contraction.

Electrical Conduction

Heart cells have automaticity generating their own action potentials.
Cells usually fire in unison.
Sometimes abnormal beats occur, which affects cardiac contractions.
Intercalated discs mechanically influence cardiac tissue.

Heart Anatomy and Function

Heart's four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
Blood flow through the heart and vessels.
Heart valves regulate blood flow.
Heart rate and stroke volume influence cardiac output.

Cardiac Output

Heart rate (HR) multiplied by stroke volume (SV) equals cardiac output (CO).
Factors like autonomic innervation, hormones, etc. impact CO.
Factors affecting heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output are briefly discussed

Perfusion

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
Normal blood pressure values are given for various vessels.

Hypertension

End-organ failure results from high blood pressure.
High pressure affects the brain, heart, eyes, kidneys, and peripheral vascular system.
Pressure and volume affect the efficiency of the ventricular function.
Frank Starling law describes the effectiveness of pumping.

Heart Failure

Myocardial infarction is the typical cause for heart failure.
Myocardial damage impacts heart function.
Impaired heart function leads to fluid retention.
Ejection fraction measurements define severity.
Structural issues, increased pressure and inflammation play a role in heart failure.

Fetal Circulation

Fetal lungs are not functional initially.
Blood bypasses the lungs.
Specific vessels and pathways allow this.
After birth, the circulatory system adjusts to lung function.

Cardiovascular Diseases

Myocardial infarctions (MIs) or heart attacks are emphasized.
Causes of MI, including coronary artery blockages.
Subendocardial and transmural infarctions.
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of MI.
The factors affecting preload, afterload, myocardial tissue.
Complications from the described conditions are also summarized.
An overview of different types of cardiac diseases is summarized.

Kawasaki Disease

Acute febrile systemic vasculitis affecting medium-sized blood vessels.
Myocarditis and coronary artery aneurysms.
Fever, conjunctivitis, oral changes, extremity changes, and polymorphous rash.
Diagnostic criteria and complications discussed.

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Description

This quiz explores the key concepts of the cardiovascular system, including afterload, preload, and contractility. It also covers the heart's conducting system and electrical conduction, detailing how signals are transmitted through the heart. Test your knowledge on how the heart functions to pump blood efficiently.