Cardiovascular System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the space between the pleural cavities of the lungs where the heart, trachea, esophagus, vessels, and lymph nodes are located?

  • Mediastinum (correct)
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Pleural sac
  • Pericardium

Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contraction of the heart?

  • Myocardium (correct)
  • Epicardium
  • Endocardium
  • Pericardium

Which of the following layers of the pericardium is closely adherent to the heart muscle?

  • Serous layer
  • Visceral layer (correct)
  • Fibrous layer
  • Parietal layer

What is the name of the condition in cattle where ingested hardware penetrates the reticulum and causes inflammation of the pericardium?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is most directly involved in preventing the spread of infection in septic pericarditis?

<p>Pericardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of preventing hardware disease in cattle?

<p>Bolusing with a magnet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pericardium?

<p>To protect and suspend the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of pericardial effusion?

<p>Decreased blood pressure (B), Increased heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves is NOT involved in the deoxygenated blood flow through the heart?

<p>Mitral valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the contraction phase of the heart?

<p>Systole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the heart's inability to fill with blood due to a restrictive pericardium?

<p>Cardiac tamponade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the apex of the heart?

<p>Bottom of the heart where the ventricles are (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

<p>Right atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ear-like structures located on the base of the heart?

<p>Auricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of hemangiosarcoma in the right auricle?

<p>Cardiac tamponade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the sound produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves?

<p>Dub (S2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heart?

<p>To pump blood throughout the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise affect heart rate?

<p>It increases heart rate due to increased oxygen demand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Starling's Law in relation to the heart?

<p>Increased preload leads to an increased force of contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of blood ejected with each heart beat?

<p>Stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process of listening to heart sounds?

<p>Auscultation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where should the stethoscope be placed to auscultate heart sounds in a large animal?

<p>On the chest wall near the level of the elbow as far cranially as possible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation used to calculate cardiac output?

<p>CO = HR x SV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary arteries into the right ventricle?

<p>Pulmonary valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two routes that blood can bypass the pulmonic circulation in a fetus?

<p>Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for the delay in conduction of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles?

<p>AV node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the specialized cardiac muscle cells that are capable of automatically generating the electrical impulses that trigger the beating of the heart?

<p>SA node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the band of tissue that runs between the interventricular septum and the right ventricular free wall in the right ventricle?

<p>Moderator band (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of general anesthesia?

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that connects the free edges of the valve leaflets to the papillary muscles?

<p>Chordae tendineae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the P wave in an electrocardiogram?

<p>Represents the depolarization of the atria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that allows some of the oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver in a fetus?

<p>Ductus venosus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which cations are pumped across the cell membrane to equalize the charge?

<p>Polarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the autonomic nervous system during a fight-or-flight response?

<p>The sympathetic nervous system constricts blood vessels in the extremities to redirect blood flow to the heart and brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts and blood is ejected?

<p>Systole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the valves found in veins?

<p>To prevent blood from flowing back towards the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where the ductus arteriosus does not close at birth, resulting in cyanosis and a pronounced "washing machine" murmur?

<p>PDA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms 'ascites' and 'limb edema' indicate in relation to congestive heart failure?

<p>Congestion of blood returning from the systemic circulation, often due to right-sided heart failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the electrical current generated by the SA node?

<p>It travels through both the specialized cardiac muscle cells and the rest of the cardiac muscle fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in blood pressure directly affects cardiac output primarily by impacting which of the following?

<p>Stroke volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a medication typically used to manage congestive heart failure?

<p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the atria during ventricular systole?

<p>The atria are relaxing and filling with blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves are semilunar valves?

<p>Aortic and pulmonary valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct order of blood flow from the heart to the hind limbs and back:

<p>Heart - Aorta - Arterioles - Capillaries - Venules - Veins - Iliac veins - Heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the ventricular contraction?

<p>It begins at the apex of the heart and spreads to the base. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the relationship between arteries and veins?

<p>Arteries transport blood under higher pressure than veins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fibrous ring that the leaflets of the tricuspid valve attach to?

<p>Annulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the middle layer of the aortic wall, which contains smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue?

<p>To regulate blood pressure by constricting or dilating the vessel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts?

<p>Mitral valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heart

A pump that circulates blood throughout the body.

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle tissue of the heart responsible for contraction and pumping blood.

Mediastinum

Space between the pleural cavities that houses the heart.

Pericardium

The protective sac that surrounds the heart.

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Myocardium

The thick muscle layer of the heart that contracts to pump blood.

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Endocardium

The thin lining inside the heart chambers.

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Septic Pericarditis

Bacterial infection of the pericardium causing inflammation.

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Hardware Disease

Infection in cattle caused by ingested foreign materials, often wire.

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Pericardial Effusion

Fluid accumulation in the space between the fibrous pericardium and the epicardium, hindering heart expansion.

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Cardiac Tamponade

Condition where fluid accumulation leads to pressure on the heart, preventing its full expansion.

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Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts, pushing blood out of its chambers.

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Right Atrium

The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cavae.

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Left Ventricle

The chamber responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

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Auricles

Pouch-like structures attached to the atria, resembling ears, that can hold overflow blood.

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Aortic Valve

The valve that opens to allow oxygenated blood to leave the heart and enter the aorta.

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Hemangiosarcoma

A vascular tumor often found in the right auricle that can lead to cardiac tamponade if it bleeds.

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Auscultation

The act of listening to heart, lung, or GI sounds.

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Heart Sounds

Sounds produced during the cardiac cycle, specifically S1 and S2.

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S1 (Lub)

The first heart sound caused by closure of AV valves at ventricular systole.

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S2 (Dub)

The second heart sound generated by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves at diastole.

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Cardiac Output (CO)

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, determined by stroke volume and heart rate.

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Stroke Volume

The amount of blood ejected from the heart with each contraction.

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Positive Chronotropy

Increase in heart rate due to increased oxygen demand, often during exercise.

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Starling's Law

Increased filling of the heart results in stronger contractions, linking preload to contractility.

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Ventricular Muscle Stretching

Stretching increases the contraction force of the ventricular muscle.

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Shock

A rapid drop in blood pressure due to various reasons.

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Epinephrine Release

Increases stroke volume and cardiac output during fight or flight.

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General Anesthesia Effects

Stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, decreasing cardiac output.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A graphical representation of the heart's electrical activity.

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P Wave

Represents atrial depolarization in an ECG.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A condition where the heart loses pumping ability, causing congestion.

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Positive Inotropes

Medications that increase the strength of cardiac contractions.

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Sulci

Grooves on the heart's surface filled with fat.

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Tricuspid Valve

Valve with three leaflets in the heart.

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Chordae Tendineae

Heart strings connecting valve leaflets to muscles.

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Papillary Muscles

Muscles that anchor the chordae tendineae.

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Pulmonary Valve

Prevents backflow from pulmonary arteries to the heart.

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Mitral Valve

Valve with two leaflets preventing backflow into the left atrium.

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Cardiac Cycle

Complete contraction and relaxation of the heart.

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Diastole

Phase when heart relaxes and fills with blood.

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Sinoatrial Node

Area generating electrical impulses in the heart.

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AV Node

Node that relays electrical impulses from atria to ventricles.

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Ductus Arteriosus

Fetal blood vessel bypassing the lungs.

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Foramen Ovale

Opening connecting right and left atria in fetal circulation.

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PDA

Condition where ductus arteriosus remains open after birth.

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Pulmonary Vein

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • The heart is a pump that circulates blood, carrying oxygen and removing waste products throughout the body.
  • The heart is located in the mediastinum, a space between the pleural cavities of the lungs.
  • The heart is surrounded and protected by the lungs and ribs.

The Heart Wall

  • The pericardium is a sac surrounding the heart, with an outer fibrous layer that protects the heart and loosely attaches it to the diaphragm and an inner layer of serous pericardium.
  • The serous pericardium has an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer (epicardium), closely attached to the heart muscle.
  • The myocardium is the thickest layer of heart tissue, composed of cardiac muscle.
  • The endocardium is a thin membranous lining between the myocardium and the heart chambers.

Hardware Disease

  • Septic pericarditis is a bacterial infection and inflammation of the fibrous pericardium.
  • Hardware disease, also known as traumatic reticulopericarditis, occurs when cattle consume wire that penetrates the diaphragm and causes infection in the pericardium.
  • Bolusing cattle with magnets may prevent wire migration and this disease.

Pericardial Effusion/Cardiac Tamponade

  • Pericardial effusion is when fluid accumulates between the fibrous pericardium and the epicardium, which restricts the heart's ability to fill during contractions.

The Flow of Blood

  • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body.
  • It flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
  • The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve to the lungs for oxygenation.
  • Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.
  • Blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
  • The left ventricle pumps blood via the aortic valve into the aorta and the rest of the body.

External Structures of the Heart

  • The heart is roughly triangular, with the base at the top and the apex at the bottom, comprised of the atria and ventricles.
  • The auricles are ear-like structures on the heart base, distinguishing the right and left sides.
  • The right auricle is a common site for hemangiosarcoma (vascular tumor).

Internal Structures of the Heart

  • The tricuspid valve, with three leaflets, prevents backflow between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
  • The mitral valve, with two leaflets, prevents backflow between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

The Cardiac Cycle

  • The heart contracts (systole) and relaxes (diastole) in a cycle.
  • The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical impulse for the heartbeat.
  • Cardiac output is a product of stroke volume and heart rate.
  • The heart's ability to contract is affected by factors like preload and afterload.

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

  • An ECG measures the heart's electrical activity.
  • The P, QRS, and T waves represent different stages of the cardiac cycle.

Vascular Anatomy and Physiology

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, with thick walls to withstand high pressure.
  • Veins carry blood towards the heart, with valves preventing backflow.
  • Capillaries are thin-walled vessels that facilitate gas exchange between blood and tissues.
  • Blood pressure and the movement of blood are important considerations in maintaining body function.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

  • Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart's pumping ability is reduced.
  • It leads to congestion of blood in the pulmonary or systemic circulation.
  • Right-sided CHF causes congestion in the systemic circulation, often presenting with edema.
  • Left-sided CHF results from reduced venous return to the heart, causing pulmonary congestion.

Treatment Approaches

  • Diuretics and vasodilators can be used to manage CHF and related symptoms.

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