Cardiovascular System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following layers of the vessel wall contains the smooth muscle that allows it to adjust its diameter?

  • Tunica externa
  • Tunica media (correct)
  • Tunica serosa
  • Tunica intima

Which of the following terms related to cardiac output is best described as "the volume of blood expelled by one ventricle in one minute?"

  • Heart rate
  • Cardiac output (correct)
  • Preload
  • Venous return
  • Afterload
  • Ventricular end-diastolic volume
  • Stroke volume

Which of the following statements about the heart is true?

  • The heart rate slows during parasympathetic nerve activity because of the release of noradrenaline.
  • The sympathetic supply to the heart increases both the rate and the force of the heartbeat. (correct)
  • The sinoatrial node is supplied only by sympathetic nerve fibres.
  • The vagus nerve supplying the heart carries both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres.

Match the terms related to blood vessels with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Arteriole = Resistance vessel Elastic artery = Large, expandable vessel Capillary = Vessel for exchange of substances Sinusoid = Has extremely permeable walls Collateral circulation = Links the main arteries in an area Vein = A small vein Venule = Possesses valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tiny conducting branches that make contact with the myocardial cells are called ______

<p>Purkinje fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that increases blood volume and therefore the venous return of blood to the heart?

<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery in the arm is used to measure blood pressure?

<p>Brachial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the artery with its corresponding description:

<p>Lingual artery = Supplies the tongue Facial artery = A pulse can be felt where this artery passes over the lower jaw bone Left common carotid artery = Formed from the union of two vertebral arteries Carotid sinuses = Contain baroreceptors that monitor blood pressure Temporal artery = Arises from the subclavian artery Carotid bodies = Supplies most of the brain Circulus arteriosus = Contain chemoreceptors that monitor blood gases Basilar artery = Arises directly from the arch of the aorta Right common carotid artery = A pulse can be felt where this artery passes close to the front of the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

The saclike structure around the heart is the:

<p>pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart wall lines its chambers?

<p>Endocardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vasa vasorum supplies blood to which of the following: a) The kidney b) The heart muscle c) The nervous system d) The blood vessel walls

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of autoregulation?

<p>The control of blood vessel diameter by the vasomotor centre in the medulla oblongata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thickest layer of tissue in the heart wall it the myocardium.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the heart muscle supplied with oxygen and nutrients?

<p>By the coronary arteries, which branch from the aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures related to fetal circulation with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Foramen ovale = Hole in the septum between the right and left fetal atria Placenta = Links the placenta and fetus Ductus arteriosus = Diverts blood from the nonfunctional fetal lungs Umbilical artery = Carries deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta Umbilical vein = Carries oxygenated blood to the fetus Ductus venosus = Diverts blood from the nonfunctional fetal liver Umbilical cord = Brings maternal and fetal blood into close proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The placenta develops from the [blank] and usually weighs about [blank]

<p>uterine wall, 1.5 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events can be measured as systolic blood pressure?

<p>Ventricular contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with the moment-to-moment control of blood pressure?

<p>The baroreceptor reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to heart failure with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Ascites = Collection of fluid in the abdomen Pleural effusion = Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity Oedema = Collection of fluid in the tissues Heart attack = Myocardial infarction Left-sided heart failure = Leads to pulmonary hypertension Right-sided heart failure = Increases afterload Dyspnoea = Difficult/painful breathing Hypertension = Increases afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

<p>The vagus nerve releases acetylcholine at the myocardium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When you take a blood pressure reading, the higher value represents the diastolic reading. The higher value indicates the relaxation of the ventricles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vasoconstriction

A decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel.

Vasodilation

An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel.

Vasa vasorum

The network of tiny blood vessels that supply the walls of larger blood vessels.

Autoregulation

The ability of blood vessels to regulate their own blood flow in response to local changes.

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Tunica media

The middle layer of a blood vessel wall, containing smooth muscle.

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Blood vessel diameter

The ability of blood vessels to adjust their diameter, influencing blood flow.

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Arteriole

A small artery that connects to capillaries.

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Elastic artery

A large, elastic artery that carries blood away from the heart.

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Capillary

A tiny blood vessel that allows for exchange of substances between the blood and tissues.

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Sinusoid

A type of capillary with large gaps between endothelial cells, found in tissues like bone marrow and spleen.

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Collateral circulation

Alternative pathways for blood flow, ensuring circulation even if a major vessel is blocked.

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Vein

A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

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Venule

A small vein that collects blood from capillaries.

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Complete cardiac diastole

The period when all chambers of the heart are relaxed.

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Atrial systole

The period when the atria contract.

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Ventricular systole

The period when the ventricles contract.

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Cardiovascular centre

The part of the brain that controls heart rate and blood pressure.

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Increased heart rate

The release of adrenaline, physical activity, and a fall in blood pressure.

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Vagus nerve

The nerve that carries parasympathetic signals to the heart, releasing acetylcholine.

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Stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricle with each heartbeat.

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Preload

The pressure in the ventricle just before it contracts.

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Afterload

The resistance the heart has to overcome to eject blood into the aorta.

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Venous return

The amount of blood returning to the right side of the heart.

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Heart rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

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Ventricular end-diastolic volume

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole.

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Pericardium

The sac-like structure that surrounds the heart.

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Myocardium

The thickest layer of the heart wall, composed of muscle tissue.

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Endocardium

The inner lining of the heart chambers.

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Tricuspid valve

The right atrioventricular valve, preventing backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.

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Coronary circulation

The supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

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Coronary sinus

The main vein that drains blood from the heart muscle.

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Left ventricle

The chamber of the heart that has the thickest muscle wall.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • Blood vessels either constrict or dilate
  • Smooth muscle relaxation = vasodilation
  • Smooth muscle contraction = vasoconstriction
  • Smaller lumen = vasoconstriction
  • Larger lumen = vasodilation
  • Reduced blood flow = vasoconstriction
  • Increased blood flow = vasodilation
  • Blood vessel wall thickens = vasoconstriction
  • Blood pressure reduced = vasodilation

Vasa Vasorum

  • Supplies blood to the blood vessel walls

Autoregulation

  • Control of blood vessel diameter,
  • Vasodilation in leg muscles after exercise
  • Increased blood supply to inflamed tissue
  • Rebound increase in blood supply to an organ after hypoxia

Blood Vessel Wall

  • Tunica media contains smooth muscle, adjusting diameter
  • Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia (outermost)

Blood Vessel Function (overview)

  • Arterioles, arteries, capillaries are all examples of blood vessels
  • They control blood flow and facilitate exchange of materials

Blood Vessels as Reservoirs

  • Veins act as blood reservoirs
  • Help regulate blood volume and blood pressure

Cardiac Cycle

  • Complete cardiac diastole
  • Atrial systole
  • Ventricular systole

Cardiovascular Centre

  • Located in the medulla oblongata
  • Regulates heart rate

Heart Rate Control

  • Sympathetic activation: increased heart rate
  • Physical activity: increased heart rate
  • Fear: increased heart rate
  • Adrenaline release: increased heart rate
  • Fall in blood pressure: increased heart rate
  • Parasympathetic stimulation: decreased heart rate
  • Fall in blood pressure: decreased heart rate
  • Rise in blood pressure: decreased heart rate

Cardiac Output

  • Cardiac output: the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
  • Stroke volume: the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle with each beat
  • Preload: the volume of blood in the ventricle just before contraction
  • Afterload: the resistance to blood leaving the heart
  • Venous return: the volume of blood arriving at the right side of the heart
  • Heart rate: the number of times the heart beats per minute
  • Ventricular end-diastolic volume: the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

Heart Conduction System

  • The tiny conducting branches that contact myocardial cells
  • The specialised conducting junctions between myocardial cells.
  • The pacemaker of the heart.
  • The secondary pacemaker of the heart.
  • The conducting tissue passing through the fibrous ring.
  • Cardiac contraction.
  • Cardiac relaxation.
  • Electrical activation of a myocardial cell (depolarisation).
  • Restoration of the myocardial cell membrane potential.
  • The branch of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up sino-atrial node discharge.
  • The branch of the autonomic nervous system that slows down sino-atrial node discharge.
  • The ability of the myocardium to initiate its own electrical signals.
  • The saclike structure around the heart is the pericardium.

Heart Wall Layers

  • The thickest layer of tissue in the heart wall is the myocardium.
  • The internal layer of tissue in the heart is the endocardium.
  • The right atrioventricular valve is also called the tricuspid valve

Coronary Artery Function

  • The heart muscle is supplied with oxygen and nutrients by the coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta.

Blood Drainage from Heart

  • Blood drained from the tissues of the heart is collected by venous channels.
  • The venous channels open into the coronary sinus, which enters the right atrium
  • Some blood may go directly into the vena cava

Cardiac Output proportion

  • Heart receives 5% of its own CO

Large Blood Supply Chamber

  • The left ventricle has the largest blood supply.

Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of blood vessels
  • Determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance
  • Peripheral resistance: level of friction in blood vessels

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Chapter 5: The Cardiovascular System PDF

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