Chapter 5: The Cardiovascular System PDF

--------------- Blood vessels --------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1\. Enter a tick in the appropriate column to indicate whether the | | following statements | |...

--------------- Blood vessels --------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1\. Enter a tick in the appropriate column to indicate whether the | | following statements | | | | apply to vasoconstriction or vasodilation. | +=======================================================================+ | **Statement** **Vasoconstrictio | | n** **Vasodilation** | | ------------------------------------------------- ----------------- | | ----- ------------------ | | Smooth muscle in blood vessel wall is relaxed. | | | | Lumen of blood vessel is reduced. | | | | Decreased resistance to blood flow. | | | | Usually caused by sympathetic stimulation. | | | | Volume of blood flow is reduced. | | | | Blood vessel wall thickens. | | | | Reduces the pressure at which blood is flowing. | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2\. The vasa vasorum supplies blood to which of the following? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The kidney | | | | b. The heart muscle | | | | c. The nervous system | | | | d. The blood vessel walls | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 3\. Which of the following is **not** an example of autoregulation? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The control of the blood vessel diameter by the vasomotor centre | | in the medulla oblongata | | | | b. Vasodilation in the leg muscles following a 10km run | | | | c. Increased supply of blood to an area of inflamed tissue | | | | d. Rebound increase in blood supply to an organ following a period | | of hypoxia | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 4\. Which of the following layers of the vessel wall contains the | | smooth muscle that | | | | allows it to adjust its diameter? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. Tunica intima | | | | b. Tunica externa | | | | c. Tunica media | | | | d. Tunica serosa | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 5\. In health, flow along a blood vessel is determined primarily by | | adjustment of: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. blood vessel length | | | | b. blood vessel diameter | | | | c. blood viscosity | | | | d. blood volume | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 6\. Match the terms related to blood vessels with their | | corresponding descriptions. | +=======================================================================+ | **Terms**: | | | | Arteriole: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Elastic artery: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Capillary: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Sinusoid: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Collateral circulation: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Vein: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Venule: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | **Descriptions**: | | | | A small vein | | | | Has extremely permeable walls | | | | Possesses valves | | | | Resistance vessel | | | | Links the main arteries in an area | | | | Vessel for exchange of substances | | | | Large, expandable vessel | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 7\. Which of the following vessels do not have the ability to | | constrict and dilate? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Arterioles | | | | b. Arteries | | | | c. Capillaries | | | | d. Veins | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 8\. Both the tunica media and the tunica adventitia are absent in: | | \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. arteries | | | | b. veins | | | | c. capillaries | | | | d. arterioles | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 9\. The tissue layers of blood vessels from exterior to interior | | are: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. tunica media, tunica intima, and tunica adventitia | | | | b. tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima | | | | c. tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia | | | | d. tunica media, tunica adventitia, and tunica intima | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 10\. Which of the following blood vessels act as blood reservoirs? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Arteries | | | | b. Arterioles | | | | c. Capillaries | | | | d. Veins | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ------- Heart ------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 11\. Enter a tick in the appropriate column to indicate whether the | | following statements | | | | correspond to complete cardiac diastole, atrial systole or | | ventricular systole. | +=======================================================================+ | **Statement** **Com | | plete cardiac diastole** **Atrial systole** **Ventricular systole | | ** | | ------------------------------------------------------------- ----- | | -------------------------- -------------------- --------------------- | | ---- | | All heart chambers are at rest | | | | Corresponds to the QRS complex of the ECG | | | | Lasts for half (0.4 seconds) of the average cardiac cycle | | | | The atrioventricular valves are open | | | | The atria are contracting | | | | The atrioventricular valves are snapped shut as this starts | | | | Atrial refilling occurs | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 12\. Where in the brain is the cardiovascular centre, for regulating | | heart rate, located? | +=======================================================================+ | a. In the cerebral cortex | | | | b. In the hypothalamus | | | | c. In the medulla oblongata | | | | d. In the cerebellum | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 13\. Which of the following set of circumstances would increase the | | heart rate? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. Sympathetic activation, physical inactivity and fear | | | | b. Adrenaline release, physical activity and fall in blood pressure | | | | c. Parasympathetic stimulation, fall in blood pressure and thyroxine | | release | | | | d. Rise in blood pressure, adrenaline release and physical activity. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 14\. Which of the following statements is true? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. The vagus nerve supplying the heart carries both sympathetic and | | parasympathetic fibres | | | | b. The sympathetic supply to the heart increases both the rate and | | the force of the heartbeat | | | | c. The sinoatrial node is supplied only by sympathetic nerve fibres | | | | d. The heart rate slows during parasympathetic activity because of | | the release of noradrenaline. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 15\. Parasympathetic nerves supplying the heart release: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. acetylcholine | | | | b. noradrenaline | | | | c. adrenaline | | | | d. acetylcholine and noradrenaline | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 16\. Match the terms related to cardiac output with their | | corresponding descriptions. | +=======================================================================+ | **Term**: | | | | - Cardiac output | | | | - Stroke volume | | | | - Preload | | | | - Afterload | | | | - Venous return | | | | - Heart rate | | | | - Ventricular end-diastolic volume | | | | **Description**: | | | | - The resistance to blood leaving the heart by the arteries | | | | - The volume of blood arriving at the right side of the heart | | | | - When multiplied by stroke volume, gives the cardiac output | | | | - The amount of blood expelled by the ventricle each time it beats. | | | | - Another term for preload | | | | - The volume of blood expelled by one ventricle in one minute. | | | | - The amount of blood in the ventricle just before it contracts | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 17\. Based on the clues provided, find the terms related to the | | conduction system of | | | | the heart from the crossword grid. | +=======================================================================+ | **Clues** | | | | 1. The tiny conducting branches that make contact with the | | myocardial cells | | | | 2. The specialised conducting junctions between myocardial cells | | | | 3. The pacemaker of the heart | | | | 4. The secondary pacemaker of the heart | | | | 5. The conducting tissue passing through the fibrous ring separating | | the atria and the ventricles | | | | 6. Cardiac contraction | | | | 7. Cardiac relaxation | | | | 8. Electrical activation of a myocardial cell | | | | 9. Restoration of the myocardial cell membrane potential to its | | resting state | | | | 10. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up | | sino-atrial node discharge | | | | 11. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that slows down | | sino-atrial node discharge | | | | 12. The ability of the myocardium to initiate its own electrical | | signals | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 18\. The saclike structure around the heart is the: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. epicardium | | | | b. pericardium | | | | c. myocardium | | | | d. endocardium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 19\. The thickest layer of tissue in the heart wall is the: | | \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. epicardium | | | | b. pericardium | | | | c. myocardium | | | | d. endocardium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 20\. The internal layer of tissue in the heart is the: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. epicardium | | | | b. pericardium | | | | c. myocardium | | | | d. endocardium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 21\. The right atrioventricular valve is also called the: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. bicuspid | | | | b. tricuspid | | | | c. mitral | | | | d. aortic | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 22\. How is the heart muscle supplied with oxygen and nutrients? | +=======================================================================+ | a. From the blood flowing through the heart chambers | | | | b. By the coronary arteries, which branch from the aorta | | | | c. By the pulmonary arteries, which also supply the lungs | | | | d. From the cardiac arteries, which are more extensive on the left | | side of the heart than on the right. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 23\. How is blood drained from the tissues of the heart? | +=======================================================================+ | a. It is drained by venous channels that open into the inferior vena | | cava | | | | b. It goes directly into the vena cava | | | | c. It is drained mainly into the coronary sinus, which opens into | | the right atrium | | | | d. It goes directly into the pulmonary artery, for oxygenation | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 24\. What proportion of the cardiac output does the heart itself | | receive? | +=======================================================================+ | a. 30% | | | | b. 20% | | | | c. 10% | | | | d. 5% | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 25\. Which chamber of the heart has the largest blood supply? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. Right atrium | | | | b. Right ventricle | | | | c. Left atrium | | | | d. Left ventricle | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 26\. Which layer of the heart wall lines its chambers? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Myocardium | | | | b. Serous pericardium | | | | c. Endocardium | | | | d. Parietal pericardium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 27\. Which layer of the heart wall contains muscle? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Myocardium | | | | b. Serous pericardium | | | | c. Endocardium | | | | d. Parietal pericardium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 28\. The pericardial space lies between which layers of the heart | | wall? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The myocardium and the endocardium | | | | b. The fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium | | | | c. The myocardium and the serous pericardium | | | | d. The visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 29\. Pericardial fluid is secreted by the: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. endocardium | | | | b. serous pericardium | | | | c. fibrous pericardium | | | | d. myocardium | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ---------------- Blood pressure ---------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 30\. Enter a tick in the appropriate column to indicate whether the | | events listed below | | | | would increase or decrease systemic blood pressure. | +=======================================================================+ | **Event** **Increased blood pressure** ** | | Decreased blood pressure** | | --------------------------------- ------------------------------ -- | | ---------------------------- | | Rising blood pH | | Increased heart rate | | Raised parasympathetic activity | | Generalised vasoconstriction | | Increased stroke volume | | Reduced blood oxygen levels | | Increased blood \[H^+^\] | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 31\. Arrange the events in the correct order to describe the | | response to a fall in blood | | | | pressure. | +=======================================================================+ | **Event**: | | | | - Event 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Event 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Event 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Event 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Event 5: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Event 6: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | **Description**: | | | | - Cardiac output rises | | | | - Sympathetic output from cardiovascular centre rises | | | | - Heart rate increases | | | | - Output from arterial baroreceptors falls | | | | - Systemic blood pressure rises | | | | - Input to cardiovascular centre is diminished | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 32\. Which of the following is **not** a mechanism that increases | | blood volume and | | | | therefore the venous return of blood to the heart? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Antidiuretic hormone | | | | b. Aldosterone | | | | c. Atrial natriuretic peptide | | | | d. Renin-angiotensin mechanism | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 33\. Cardiac output is determined by: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. the return of the blood to the heart and the heart rate | | | | b. the strength of contraction of the left ventricle | | | | c. the stroke volume and heart rate | | | | d. the systolic discharge and stroke volume | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 34\. Which artery in the arm is used to measure blood pressure? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Brachial | | | | b. Radial | | | | c. Ulnar | | | | d. Axillary | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 35\. Blood pressure usually expressed as: \_\_\_\_. | +=======================================================================+ | a. diastolic pressure over systolic pressure | | | | b. pulse pressure over diastolic pressure | | | | c. systolic pressure over diastolic pressure | | | | d. diastolic pressure over pulse pressure | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 36\. Which of the following events can be measured as systolic blood | | pressure? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Atrial contraction | | | | b. Ventricular contraction | | | | c. Pulse pressure | | | | d. Cardiac diastole | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 37\. What are the two main factors that determine blood pressure? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Cardiac output and peripheral resistance | | | | b. Peripheral resistance and blood volume | | | | c. Blood volume and pulse pressure | | | | d. Pulse pressure and cardiac output | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 38\. Which of the following is associated with the moment-to-moment | | control of blood | | | | pressure? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The renin-angiotensin system | | | | b. Control of blood volume | | | | c. The baroreceptor reflex | | | | d. The Hering-Breuer reflex | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Circulation of the blood | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 39\. Starting from the smallest, arrange the veins in the correct | | order to trace the return of blood from the foot towards the heart. | +=======================================================================+ | **Tile**: | | | | - Stage 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 5: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 6: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | **Vein**: | | | | - External iliac vein | | | | - Femoral vein | | | | - Common iliac vein | | | | - Saphenous vein | | | | - Dorsal venous arch | | | | - Inferior vena cava | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 40\. Where do the coronary arteries arise? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The aortic arch | | | | b. The ascending aorta | | | | c. The descending aorta | | | | d. The aortic valve | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 41\. Which is the most important artery in the supply to the | | circulus arteriosus (circle of | | | | Willis)? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The internal carotid | | | | b. The external carotid | | | | c. The anterior cerebral | | | | d. The anterior communicating | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 42\. Which artery is most important in supplying the superficial | | tissues of the head and | | | | neck? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The internal carotid | | | | b. The external carotid | | | | c. The anterior cerebral | | | | d. The anterior communicating | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 43\. From which artery does the vertebral artery arise? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. The internal carotid | | | | b. The aorta | | | | c. The brachiocephalic | | | | d. The subclavian | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 44\. Which is the major vein draining the tissues of the head and | | upper body? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The anterior jugular | | | | b. The superior vena cava | | | | c. The inferior vena cava | | | | d. The internal jugular | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 45\. Which of the following do the right and the left | | brachiocephalic veins unite to form? | +=======================================================================+ | a. Brachial vein | | | | b. Internal jugular vein | | | | c. Superior vena cava | | | | d. Subclavian vein | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 46\. Which of the following does the right axillary vein run into? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The right subclavian vein | | | | b. The right brachial vein | | | | c. The superior vena cava | | | | d. The right basilic vein | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 47\. The superior vena cava is formed when which two veins unite? | +=======================================================================+ | a. The jugular vein and the right brachiocephalic vein | | | | b. The right subclavian vein and the jugular vein | | | | c. The jugular vein and the brachiocephalic vein | | | | d. The right and left brachiocephalic veins | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 48\. Match the artery with its corresponding description. | +=======================================================================+ | **Artery**: | | | | - Lingual artery | | | | - Facial artery | | | | - Left common carotid artery | | | | - Carotid sinuses | | | | - Temporal artery | | | | - Carotid bodies | | | | - Circulus arteriosus | | | | - Basilar artery | | | | - Right common carotid artery | | | | **Description**: | | | | - Arises directly from the arch of the aorta | | | | - Contain baroreceptors that monitor blood pressure | | | | - Supplies most of the brain | | | | - Supplies the tongue | | | | - A pulse can be felt where this artery passes over the lower jaw | | bone | | | | - Formed from the union of two vertebral arteries | | | | - Arises from the subclavian artery | | | | - A pulse can be felt where this artery passes close to the front | | of the ear | | | | - Contain chemoreceptors that monitor blood gases | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 49\. Label the arteries forming the circulus arteriosus. | +=======================================================================+ | **Arteries forming the circulus arteriosus (Circle of Willis) and its | | main branches to the brain.** | | | |  | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 50\. Arrange the names of arteries supplying the hand in the correct | | sequence starting | | | | from the largest artery. | +=======================================================================+ | **Label**: | | | | - Stage 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 2: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 3: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 4: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 5: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Stage 6: \_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | **Arteries**: | | | | - Ulnar artery | | | | - Subclavian artery | | | | - Deep palmar arch | | | | - Brachial artery | | | | - Radial artery | | | | - Axillary artery | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 51\. Label the main arteries of the head and neck. | +=======================================================================+ | **Main arteries of the head and neck** | | | | M05\_T04\_S13\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 52\. Label the main blood vessels associated with the aortic arch. | +=======================================================================+ | **The arch of the aorta and its branches** | | | |  | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 53\. Label the main veins of the right arm. | +=======================================================================+ | **The main veins of the right arm** | | | | M05\_T04\_S15\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 54\. Label the main arteries of the upper abdominal organs. | +=======================================================================+ | **The coeliac artery and its branches, and the inferior phrenic | | arteries** | | | |  | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ------------------- Fetal circulation ------------------- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 55\. Match the following structures related to fetal circulation | | with their corresponding descriptions. | +=======================================================================+ | **Structure**: | | | | - Foramen ovale | | | | - Placenta | | | | - Ductus arteriosus | | | | - Umbilical artery | | | | - Umbilical vein | | | | - Ductus venosus | | | | - Umbilical cord | | | | **Description**: | | | | - Diverts blood from the nonfunctional fetal lungs | | | | - Links the placenta and fetus | | | | - Diverts blood from the nonfunctional fetal liver | | | | - Hole in the septum between the right and left fetal atria | | | | - Carries deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta | | | | - Carries oxygenated blood to the fetus | | | | - Brings maternal and fetal blood into close proximity | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 56\. Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph on the placenta | +=======================================================================+ | The placenta develops from the | | **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and usually weighs about | | **\_\_\_\_\_\_**. It allows the exchange of substances between the | | maternal and fetal circulation, mainly by **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**. | | It confers passive immunity on the fetus by allowing the transfer of | | maternal **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** into the fetal circulation. It | | acts as a selective barrier and prevents many harmful materials from | | accessing the baby's circulation. The name given to a substance that | | can cause abnormal fetal development is a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**. | | | | In addition, the placenta secretes hormones that maintain pregnancy, | | including the hormone | | **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_** | | which maintains the corpus luteum in early pregnancy and | | **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_** | | thereafter. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Module review | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 57\. Based on the clues provided, find the terms related to the | | pathology of blood vessels | | | | from the crossword grid. | +=======================================================================+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Clues** | | | | 1. Fatty deposit within a blood vessel wall | | | | 2. Tissue death due to interrupted blood supply | | | | 3. A blood clot | | | | 4. Mass of material travelling in the bloodstream | | | | 5. Tissue damage due to interrupted blood supply | | | | 6. The term for blockage of a blood vessel | | | | 7. Bleeding | | | | 8. Varicose veins of the rectum | | | | 9. A vein that has become stretched and dilated because of faulty | | valves | | | | 10. Inflammation of a vein | | | | 11. Benign tumour of a blood vessel | | | | 12. Local weakness of arterial wall, allowing bulging and dilation | | | | 13. Progressive hardening and degeneration of blood vessel walls, | | usually due to ageing | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 58\. Match the terms related to heart rhythm with their | | corresponding descriptions. | +=======================================================================+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Term**: | | | | - Heart block | | | | - Ventricular fibrillation | | | | - Atrial fibrillation | | | | - Sinus bradycardia | | | | - Complete heart block | | | | - Asystole | | | | - Sinus tachycardia | | | | - QRS complex | | | | **Description**: | | | | - Complete independence of atrial and ventricular activity | | | | - ECG wave corresponding to ventricular systole | | | | - Varying degree of dissociation of atrial and ventricular activity | | | | - Chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles | | | | - Gives a flat line on the ECG | | | | - Chaotic electrical activity in the atria | | | | - Heart rate at rest below 60bpm but normal rhythm | | | | - Heart rate at rest above 120bpm, but normal rhythm | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 59\. Terms related to blood vessels are listed below. Identify the | | terms using the given | | | | clues. | +=======================================================================+ | - A weakness in the wall of a blood vessel, usually a large artery: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Structure in a large vein to maintain one-way flow of blood: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - The vein carrying blood from the intestines to the liver: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Commonest complication of a deep venous thrombosis: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Tiny aneurysm, usually in the brain: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Varicose veins of the oesophagus: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Varicose vein of the scrotum: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - A blood clot: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Event associated with interruption of blood supply to the brain: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Pain associated with ischaemia of the heart muscle: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Blackening of necrotic tissue: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | - Pain associated with interruption of blood supply to a limb: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 60\. Match the terms related to heart failure with their | | corresponding descriptions. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Terms**: | | | | Ascites: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Pleural effusion: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Oedema: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Heart attack: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Left-sided heart failure: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Right-sided heart failure: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Dyspnoea: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Hypertension: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | **Descriptions**: | | | | Increases afterload | | | | Myocardial infarction | | | | Difficult/painful breathing | | | | Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity | | | | Collection of fluid in the tissues | | | | Leads to pulmonary hypertension | | | | Also termed congestive cardiac failure | | | | Collection of fluid in the abdomen | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 61\. Which of the following statements is true? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a\) The vagus nerve releases acetylcholine at the myocardium. | | | | b\) Myocardial contraction is speeded up by acetylcholine. | | | | c\) Noradrenaline is a parasympathetic neurotransmitter. | | | | d\) Adrenaline is the main sympathetic neurotransmitter in the | | heart. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 62\. The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly | | sensitive to: \_\_\_\_. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. hypercapnia | | | | b. hypoxia | | | | c. a decrease in blood pH | | | | d. an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 63\. Which part of the QRS complex represents the repolarisation of | | the atria? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. The Q wave | | | | b. The R wave | | | | c. The S wave | | | | d. None of the above | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 64\. When you take a blood pressure reading, the higher value | | represents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | a. the systolic reading, which indicates the relaxation of the | | ventricles | | | | b. the systolic reading, which indicates the contraction of the | | ventricles | | | | c. the diastolic reading, which indicates the contraction of the | | atria | | | | d. the diastolic reading, which indicates the relaxation of the | | ventricles | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+