Cardiovascular System Overview

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are the two sounds that are typically heard during a normal cardiac cycle?

  • S3 and S4
  • S2 and S4
  • S1 and S3
  • S1 and S2 (correct)

What is the primary function of the heart?

  • To filter blood
  • To produce hormones
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To transport blood throughout the body (correct)

What is the correct term for listening to the heart sounds?

  • Palpation
  • Percussion
  • Auscultation (correct)
  • Inspection

Which of the following valves close to generate the S1 sound?

<p>Right and left AV valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines cardiac output?

<p>Stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sound is generated by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves?

<p>S2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When auscultating the heart of a large animal, where should the stethoscope be placed?

<p>Near the level of the elbow and as far cranially as possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sounds are typically NOT heard in dogs and cats?

<p>S3 and S4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vascular tumor commonly found in the right auricle?

<p>Hemangiosarcoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of the sulci filled with fat on the surface of the heart?

<p>They help to define the borders of the ventricles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the vessels returning blood to the heart?

<p>They are thick and muscular. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac tamponade?

<p>A condition where the heart is unable to properly pump blood due to a buildup of fluid in the pericardial sac. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

<p>Aortic valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?

<p>Vena cava (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid that fills the space between the fibrous pericardium and the epicardium when a pericardial effusion occurs?

<p>Blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why pericardial effusion can lead to cardiac tamponade?

<p>The fibrous pericardium is unable to expand, restricting heart filling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical clinical sign observed in a patient with cardiac tamponade?

<p>Increased respiratory rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood from the body?

<p>Right atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the heart does hemangiosarcoma typically originate?

<p>Right atrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

<p>Mitral valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specific part of the heart forms the apex?

<p>Ventricles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium?

<p>It provides a strong, external support structure for the heart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the thin membranous lining that is found between the myocardium and the chambers of the heart?

<p>Endocardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition caused by a bacterial infection and inflammation of the fibrous pericardium?

<p>Septic pericarditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the pericardium?

<p>It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle?

<p>Hardware disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can hardware disease be prevented in cattle?

<p>Administering a magnet to the cow to prevent ingested wire from migrating into the reticulum or pericardium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the heart's ability to contract and pump blood?

<p>Myocardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endocardium?

<p>To provide a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart, facilitating blood flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the order of the heart wall layers from outermost to innermost?

<p>Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of septic pericarditis in cattle?

<p>Ingestion of wire or other foreign objects (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between heart rate and stroke volume in cardiac output?

<p>Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does preload affect cardiac contraction?

<p>Increased preload results in increased cardiac contraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart rate during exercise?

<p>Heart rate increases due to increased oxygen demand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased afterload on cardiac output?

<p>Increased afterload leads to decreased cardiac output. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do large animals have a lower heart rate compared to small animals?

<p>Large animals have a larger stroke volume. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines heart rate?

<p>The rate of spontaneous SA node depolarization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Starling’s Law?

<p>Frank-Starling Law of the Heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the renin-angiotensin system in regulating blood pressure?

<p>Increasing blood volume by stimulating fluid retention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of low blood pressure?

<p>Increased stroke volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of valves in veins?

<p>To prevent the backflow of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a fight-or-flight response, which part of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated, leading to an increase in cardiac output?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart?

<p>Electrocardiogram (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT present in the middle layer of the aortic wall?

<p>Fibrous outer layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the repolarization of the ventricles on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

<p>T wave (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

<p>Arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the largest artery in the body?

<p>Aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is responsible for exchanging oxygen and nutrients between the blood and tissues?

<p>Capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls?

<p>To regulate blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from the heart's inability to pump blood efficiently, leading to congestion?

<p>Congestive heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication is used to increase the strength of cardiac contractions in treating heart failure?

<p>Positive inotropes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?

<p>Ascites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where blood backs up from the heart into the systemic circulation, causing fluid accumulation in the body?

<p>Edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding congestive heart failure?

<p>Congestive heart failure can be medically managed to improve quality of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is commonly used to reduce fluid retention in patients with heart failure?

<p>Furosemide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Right Auricle

The upper chamber of the right side of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Hemangiosarcoma

A vascular tumor commonly found in the right auricle, which can cause bleeding.

Cardiac Tamponade

A medical emergency where fluid accumulates around the heart, restricting its function.

Grooves of the Heart

Sulci filled with fat that outline the borders of the heart ventricles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deoxygenated Blood

Blood that has low oxygen levels, returning to the heart from the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygenated Blood

Blood rich in oxygen returning from the lungs to the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atrioventricular Values

Valves between atria and ventricles that control blood flow; includes tricuspid and mitral valves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vessels Returning to the Heart

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart under low pressure with thinner walls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pericardial Effusion

Fluid accumulation in the space between the fibrous pericardium and the epicardium, compressing the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Right Atrium

The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cavae.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tricuspid Valve

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle, preventing backflow of blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systole

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atria and Ventricles

Atria are the upper chambers of the heart; ventricles are the lower chambers responsible for pumping blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pulmonary Arteries

Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Apex of the Heart

The pointed tip of the heart, formed by the ventricles and located at the bottom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pericardium

The protective sac suspending the heart in the mediastinum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fibrous pericardium

The outer layer of the pericardium that protects the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serous pericardium

The inner portion of the pericardium with two layers: parietal and visceral.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epicardium

The inner layer of the serous pericardium closely attached to the heart muscle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myocardium

The thickest layer of heart tissue, made of cardiac muscle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endocardium

The thin lining between myocardium and heart chambers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Septic pericarditis

Bacterial infection/inflammation of the fibrous pericardium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hardware disease

Traumatic reticulopericarditis caused by ingesting metal objects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reticulum

The first chamber of a cow's stomach that can push ingested metal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bolusing with magnets

Preventing hardware disease by giving magnets to cattle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PDA ligation

The surgical procedure to close the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) to prevent abnormal blood flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Auscultation

The process of listening to heart, lung, or GI sounds using a stethoscope.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Sounds

Normal heart sounds consist of two primary sounds: S1 (lub) and S2 (dub), corresponding to heart valve closures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

S1 heart sound

S1 is generated by the closure of the right and left atrioventricular valves at the start of ventricular contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

S2 heart sound

S2 is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, determined by stroke volume and heart rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat, contributing to cardiac output.

Signup and view all the flashcards

S3 and S4 sounds

Additional heart sounds that may occur in large animals but are typically not heard in dogs and cats, indicating rapid filling (S3) and atrial contraction (S4).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preload

The amount of blood in the heart before contraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Rate

The number of times the heart contracts in a minute.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Afterload

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Starling’s Law

The principle that increased preload leads to stronger heart contractions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Chronotropy

Increase in heart rate due to factors like exercise.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Inotropy

Increase in heart muscle contractility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood pressure

The force of blood against artery walls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shock

A rapid drop in blood pressure that leads to decreased blood flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomic nervous system

Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epinephrine

A hormone released during the fight or flight response that increases heart rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A graphical representation of the heart's electrical activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

P wave

Represents the depolarization of the atria in an ECG.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aorta

The largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood from the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A condition in which the heart fails to pump effectively, causing fluid buildup.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diuretics

Medications that help eliminate excess fluid from the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vasodilators

Medications that widen blood vessels to improve blood flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pulmonary circulation

The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Valves in veins

Structures that prevent the backflow of blood in veins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • The heart acts as a pump, filling with blood and contracting to circulate it throughout the body, carrying oxygen and removing waste products.
  • The heart is enclosed by the lungs and protected by the ribs.
  • It is located within the mediastinum, a space between the pleural cavities of the lungs.

The Heart Wall

  • The pericardium is a sac-like structure surrounding the heart, encompassing an outer fibrous layer (protecting the heart and attached to the diaphragm) and an inner serous layer (comprising parietal and visceral layers).
  • The myocardium is the thickest layer of heart tissue, composed of cardiac muscle.
  • The heart chambers are lined with a thin membranous lining called the epicardium.

External Structures of the Heart

  • The heart is roughly triangular in shape, with the base positioned at the top and the apex at the bottom.
  • The right and left sides can be identified based on the auricle structures resembling ears.

External Structures of the Heart

  • The heart's structure is roughly triangular, with the base atop, and apex at the bottom.
  • Identifying the right and left sides is possible through the distinctive auricle structures (resembling ears).

Blood Flow

  • Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium via the cranial and caudal vena cava.
  • Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs.
  • Oxygenated blood re-enters the heart through the pulmonary veins, reaching the left atrium and then the left ventricle.
  • Contraction of the ventricles propels blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.

Internal Structures of the Heart

  • The tricuspid valve and the mitral valve regulate the blood's unidirectional flow.
  • Chordae tendineae are interwoven fibers connecting heart valve leaflets to papillary muscles, preventing backward flow.
  • The right ventricle includes a moderator band supporting its structure.
  • The pulmonary valve facilitates blood exit to the pulmonary arteries. The mitral and bicuspid valves ensure proper blood flow.

Cardiac Cycle

  • The cardiac cycle encompasses consecutive contraction and relaxation phases of the heart.
  • Systole denotes the contraction period when blood is expelled.
  • Diastole signifies relaxation where the heart refills with blood.
  • The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical signals triggering contractions.
  • The atrial-ventricular (AV) node delays signal transmission, allowing the atria to contract before the ventricles.
  • The bundle of His and Purkinje fibers transmit the electrical signals through the ventricles, causing their contraction.

Heart Sounds

  • Auscultation involves listening to heart sounds using a stethoscope.
  • Lub (S1) is produced by simultaneous closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral).
  • Dub (S2) is triggered by the closing of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary).
  • Additional sounds (S3 and S4) might be present and indicate potential heart issues.

Heart Rate and Cardiac Output

  • Cardiac output results from the heart rate and stroke volume.
  • Stroke volume is the quantity of blood the heart ejects each contraction.
  • The heart rate is the number of beats per minute.
  • Cardiac output is substantial in larger animals due to the high stroke volume. Factors like exercise can influence heart rate and cardiac output.

Fetal Circulation

  • A fetus receives oxygen from the mother's blood.
  • Fetal circulation diverts most blood away from the lungs via the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
  • Oxygenated blood from the placenta reaches the fetus through the umbilical vein.
  • Blood travels through the ductus venosus, bypassing the liver, into the inferior vena cava.
  • The foramen ovale connects the atria, and the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.
  • These shunts eventually close after birth.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

  • CHF is a condition arising from the heart's diminished ability to pump blood effectively.
  • Right-sided CHF results in systemic fluid buildup (ascites, edema) in the body.
  • Left-sided CHF leads to lung fluid buildup (pulmonary edema).
  • Treatment focuses on addressing underlying factors and improving cardiac function.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Cardiovascular System PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser