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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is a primary function of the cardiovascular system?
- Protection against pathogens
- Regulation of body temperature
- Production of red blood cells
- Transport of gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones (correct)
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
- Pulmonary arteries
- Femoral artery
- Pulmonary veins (correct)
- Inferior vena cava
What does the descending aorta do?
What does the descending aorta do?
- Carries oxygenated blood to the lower parts of the body (correct)
- Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart
- Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart?
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart?
Which vessel delivers blood to the lower extremities?
Which vessel delivers blood to the lower extremities?
What is the primary function of the heart?
What is the primary function of the heart?
Where is the human heart located?
Where is the human heart located?
What is the name of the muscle that makes up the walls of the heart?
What is the name of the muscle that makes up the walls of the heart?
What separates the two sides of the heart?
What separates the two sides of the heart?
What type of blood do the right chambers of the heart contain?
What type of blood do the right chambers of the heart contain?
What is the total duration of one complete cardiac cycle?
What is the total duration of one complete cardiac cycle?
During which phase do the semi-lunar valves close?
During which phase do the semi-lunar valves close?
What maintains the heart rate at 75 beats per minute?
What maintains the heart rate at 75 beats per minute?
How long does atrial systole last?
How long does atrial systole last?
Into which vessels is blood forced during ventricular systole?
Into which vessels is blood forced during ventricular systole?
Where does the blood flow after it leaves the right ventricle?
Where does the blood flow after it leaves the right ventricle?
Which chamber does the blood enter after it picks up oxygen in the lungs?
Which chamber does the blood enter after it picks up oxygen in the lungs?
Through which vessel does the blood return to the right atrium after becoming deoxygenated?
Through which vessel does the blood return to the right atrium after becoming deoxygenated?
What happens during the systemic circulation?
What happens during the systemic circulation?
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Where does the right atrium collect blood from?
Where does the right atrium collect blood from?
Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium when the ventricle contracts?
Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium when the ventricle contracts?
What is the primary function of the left ventricle?
What is the primary function of the left ventricle?
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?
Which structure carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?
What do the semi-lunar valves prevent?
What do the semi-lunar valves prevent?
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the liver to the heart?
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the liver to the heart?
Through which vessel does oxygenated blood travel from the heart to the kidneys?
Through which vessel does oxygenated blood travel from the heart to the kidneys?
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the intestines to the liver?
Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the intestines to the liver?
In which vessel does oxygenated blood travel from the lungs to the heart?
In which vessel does oxygenated blood travel from the lungs to the heart?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow for deoxygenated blood returning from the legs to the heart?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow for deoxygenated blood returning from the legs to the heart?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Comprises heart, vessels, and blood
- Functions: transport gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
The Heart
- Muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system
- Located between the lungs in the middle compartment of the chest
- Composed of cardiac muscle with its own inherent rhythm
- Divided into four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower)
- Septum separates the right and left sides of the heart
- Atria have thin walls and collect blood entering the heart
- Ventricles have thick walls and pump blood out of the heart
Heart Function
- One cardiac cycle (heartbeat) consists of:
- Diastole (0.4 seconds): atria and ventricles relax together
- Atrial systole (0.1 seconds): atria contract, forcing blood into ventricles
- Ventricular systole (0.3 seconds): ventricles contract, pumping blood into pulmonary artery and aorta
- Heart beats on average 75 times per minute
Blood Circulation
- Blood flows through the heart twice:
- Pulmonary circulation: right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium
- Systemic circulation: left ventricle → aorta → body → anterior or posterior vena cava → right atrium
Heart Anatomy
- Right atrium: collects deoxygenated blood from the head and body
- Posterior vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood from the body
- Tricuspid valve: prevents backflow of blood into the atrium
- Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- Aorta: carries oxygenated blood to the body
- Left atrium: collects oxygenated blood from the lungs
- Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood from the lungs
- Semi-lunar valves: prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
- Bicuspid valve: prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles
- Tendons: prevent valves from turning inside out
Human Circulation
- Deoxygenated blood flow:
- Legs → Renal Vein → Kidneys → Mesenteric Artery → Intestines → Hepatic Portal Vein → Liver → Hepatic Vein → Posterior Vena Cava → Heart
- Oxygenated blood flow:
- Heart → Aorta → Renal Artery → Kidneys → Mesenteric Artery → Intestines → Hepatic Artery → Liver → Posterior Vena Cava → Heart → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Heart → Anterior Vena Cava → Heart → Aorta → Carotid Artery → Head → Jugular Vein → Superior Vena Cava → Heart
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