Cardiovascular System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which vessels bring de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium?

  • Superior vena cava (correct)
  • Inferior vena cava (correct)
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Aorta

    • What is the primary function of the heart valves mentioned in the content?

  • To allow flow in only one direction (correct)
  • To increase blood pressure
  • To separate the chambers of the heart
  • To pump oxygenated blood

    • What is the relationship between blood flow (Q), pressure gradient ( extdelta-P), and resistance (R)?

  • Q = extdelta-P / R (correct)
  • Q = R / extdelta-P
  • Q = extdelta-P + R
  • Q = extdelta-P x R

    • Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

    <p>Bicuspid (mitral) valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure maintains the one-way flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries?

    <p>Pulmonary artery valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences blood flow through the circulatory system?

    <p>Pressure gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the sinoatrial node serve in the heart?

    <p>It generates impulses that set the basic heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is the only point allowing electrical current to pass from the atria to the ventricles?

    <p>Atrioventricular node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the atrioventricular node in the heart's conduction system?

    <p>To delay the electrical current briefly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the conduction speed through the Purkinje fibers compare to that through the atrioventricular node?

    <p>It is faster than through the AV node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles?

    <p>It prevents simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures conducts current very rapidly through the right and left atria?

    <p>Inter-nodal pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mitral and tricuspid valves during cardiac contraction?

    <p>To prevent backflow of blood into the atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the electrical conduction from the atrioventricular node primarily lead?

    <p>To the apex of the heart and ventricular walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the electrical currents measured by an ECG?

    <p>The SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are electrodes typically placed for the classical three-lead ECG?

    <p>On both arms and the left leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the earth lead in a three-lead ECG setup?

    <p>To provide a ground reference point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a 'lead' in the context of an ECG?

    <p>The recording from a pair of electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative placement for electrodes when the subject is exercising?

    <p>On the shoulders and lower abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bipolar' signify in a three-lead ECG?

    <p>It uses positive and negative electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lead configuration is associated with the right arm being positive?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological basis underlies the recording of an ECG?

    <p>Electrical potentials due to cardiac depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During diastole, which valves are open?

    <p>Atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during systole with respect to the valves in the heart?

    <p>Atrioventricular valves are closed and semilunar valves are open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of blood flow during mid-diastole?

    <p>Blood flows passively into the ventricles from the atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the left ventricle during mid-diastole?

    <p>It is very low, around 2 to 3 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that the heart is in a relaxing state during mid-diastole?

    <p>Absence of heart sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure of the blood in the aorta during mid-diastole?

    <p>Falls to about 80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle allows for the passive filling of the ventricles?

    <p>Mid-diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after the T wave during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Heart enters systole phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the QT interval represent in an ECG?

    <p>The total time the ventricles are depolarized and repolarized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect the length of the QT interval?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from a prolonged QT interval?

    <p>Ventricular arrhythmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a depressed ST segment on an ECG suggest?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased preload have on stroke volume?

    <p>It increases stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the ST segment is elevated, what condition may this indicate?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalances can affect the QT interval?

    <p>Potassium and calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary relationship described by Starling's Law of the Heart?

    <p>Stroke volume depends on end diastolic volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily determines the afterload on the heart?

    <p>Peripheral resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might one remember the relationship between depressed ST segments and ischemia?

    <p>Both terms contain an 's'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential impact of ventricular fibrillation?

    <p>Uncoordinated cardiac muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to stroke volume when end diastolic volume decreases?

    <p>Stroke volume decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased end diastolic volume affect the heart's contractile force?

    <p>It increases contractile force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Starling curve illustrate?

    <p>The relationship between ventricular filling and stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heart physiology, what does the term 'preload' refer to?

    <p>The amount of blood returned to the heart before contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does peripheral resistance play in heart function?

    <p>It determines the afterload on the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Function

    • Homeostasis: The cardiovascular system maintains a stable internal environment for life by transporting materials and removing waste.
    • Material Transport: Delivers nutrients (oxygen, glucose, amino acids, fats) and removes waste (carbon dioxide, lactic acid, urea) to/from interstitial fluid surrounding tissues.
    • Signaling: Carries hormones between tissues and organs, assisting in thermoregulation, immunity, and responses to infection.
    • Plasma Flow: Maintains proper nutrient levels, delivering materials in plasma and removing waste substances from interstitial fluid.
    • Diffusion: Oxygen diffuses across capillaries into interstitial fluid. Carbon dioxide moves in opposite direction.
    • Convection: Substances are carried by the plasma (e.g., oxygen, nutrients).

    Heart Function

    • Two Sides & Four Chambers: The heart has a right and left side (two atria and two ventricles), where the right side receives deoxygenated blood and the left receives oxygenated blood.
    • Pulmonary Circulation: Right side pumps blood to the lungs for oxygen uptake.
    • Systemic Circulation: Left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
    • Valves: Prevent backflow: Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & bicuspid) between atria & ventricles; semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) between ventricles and arteries.
    • Pressure Gradient: The pressure gradient between the heart and circulation drives blood flow.
    • Resistance: Blood flow depends on blood vessels' resistance to the blood flow.

    Cardiac Cycle: Electrical Events

    • Sinoatrial Node (SA): The heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical signals.
    • Action Potentials: Depolarization leads to contraction. Repolarization leads to relaxation.
    • Conduction System: Special conducting pathways transmit signals rapidly through the heart allowing all cells to contract simultaneously.
    • Atrioventricular Node (AV): Delays signal and coordinate atrial and ventricular contraction.
    • Internodal pathways: rapidly transmit signals through the atria.
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG): A recording of the heart's electrical activity.

    Cardiac Cycle: Mechanical Events

    • Diastole: Heart relaxation and filling.
    • Systole: Heart contraction and emptying.
    • Four Phases: Diastolic filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation.
    • Electrolyte balance: Potassium and calcium levels affect cardiac function.
    • Ventricular Filling: AV valves open; blood passively flows from atria to ventricles.
    • Ventricular Ejection: Pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in arteries, causing semilunar valves to open and blood ejection.

    Cardiac Output

    • Cardiac output: The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (product of heart rate x stroke volume).
    • Stroke volume (SV): The volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in each contraction.
    • Preload: Degree of stretch on ventricular walls before contraction.
    • Afterload: Resistance to blood flow from the ventricles.
    • Control: Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and hormones (adrenaline) regulate heart rate and contractility.
    • Exercise or other physical activity increases the output needed.

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    Related Documents

    HS2 Cardiovascular Physiology Transcript PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions of the cardiovascular system, including homeostasis, material transport, and hormonal signaling. This quiz will deepen your understanding of how the heart and blood vessels work together to maintain internal balance and support life.

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