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What is the primary function of the coronary artery system?
Which layer of the heart is responsible for its muscular contraction?
What sound is produced by the closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves?
Which type of blood vessel has one-way valves to aid in blood flow toward the heart?
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What is the purpose of pericardial fluid?
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What condition is characterized by abnormal protrusion of the mitral valve leading to incomplete closure?
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Which of the following heart rhythms is classified as organized and normal?
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What condition involves rapid, ineffective contractions of the heart that can lead to fatality if not treated?
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Which of the following is defined as having a systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg?
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Cholesterol is crucial for health as it circulates in the blood. Which of the following statements about cholesterol is incorrect?
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What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
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Which of the following describes the systolic phase of blood pressure?
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What condition is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis of coronary arteries?
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What does myocardial infarction commonly refer to?
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Which term describes the accumulation of fluid in the lungs as a result of congestive heart failure?
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What is the role of diuretics like Lasix in treating congestive heart failure?
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Which process can lead to ischemia in the heart muscle?
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What is the primary function of HDL cholesterol?
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What is the medical procedure known as CABG designed to accomplish?
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Which condition is characterized by hardening of the arteries?
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What is a DVT?
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What is an embolus?
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Which procedure involves injecting a contrast medium to visualize blood vessels?
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What condition is characterized by abnormally swollen veins usually found in the legs?
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What does a pulse oximeter measure?
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What does ECG stand for in cardiovascular diagnostics?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System
- Cardiovascular means pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
- The heart, blood vessels, and blood work together to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and remove waste products.
Heart Structures
- The pericardium is a double-walled sac that encloses the heart.
- Pericardial fluid lubricates the heart and prevents friction.
- The epicardium is the external layer of the heart.
- The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart and is responsible for its contractions.
- The endocardium lines the inside of the heart.
Coronary Arteries
- The heart receives blood through the coronary artery system, which branches off the aorta.
- A blockage in a coronary artery can lead to a myocardial infarction ("heart attack").
Electrical Waves of the Heart
- The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
- The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.
- The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
Heart Sounds
- The "lubb" sound is produced by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves.
- The "dubb" sound is produced by the closure of the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
Blood Vessels
- Blood vessels contain a lumen through which blood flows.
- The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
- They are high-pressure vessels with smooth muscle in their walls.
Veins
- Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- They are low-pressure vessels with one-way valves to prevent backflow.
- Muscle action is needed to aid venous return, especially in the legs.
Capillaries
- Capillaries connect arteries and veins.
- They are the smallest vessels in the body and are only one cell thick.
- Slow blood flow allows for nutrient and waste exchange between tissues and cells.
Pulse and Blood Pressure
- Pulse is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries due to blood pressure.
- Blood pressure is the amount of pressure against artery walls.
- Systolic pressure is the highest pressure during ventricular contraction.
- Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation.
Coronary Artery Disease
- Atherosclerosis is hardening and narrowing of arteries due to cholesterol plaque buildup.
- Ischemia is a deficiency of blood supply due to blood vessel constriction or narrowing.
- Angina pectoris is severe chest pain caused by lack of oxygen supply to the heart.
Myocardial Infarction
- Myocardial infarction ("heart attack") is the death of heart muscle tissue due to a blocked coronary artery.
- Infarction is a localized area of tissue death due to lack of blood supply.
Congestive Heart Failure
- Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
- This leads to fluid retention, resulting in edema (fluid accumulation) in the legs, ankles, and lungs.
- Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs.
- Diuretics are drugs that eliminate excess fluid volume.
- High levels of LDL ("bad" cholesterol) contribute to atherosclerosis.
- HDL ("good" cholesterol) carries unused cholesterol back to the liver, preventing buildup.
- Triglycerides are fatty acids.
Arteries
- Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, reducing blood flow.
Aneurysm
- An aneurysm is a localized weakness or enlargement in an artery wall.
- An abdominal aortic aneurysm affects the aorta in the abdomen.
Veins
- Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein.
Varicose Veins
- Varicose veins are abnormally swollen veins, usually in the legs.
- One-way valves malfunction, allowing blood to backflow and pool.
Thrombus and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- A thrombus is a blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery.
- A DVT is a blood clot in a deep vein.
Embolus and Embolism
- An embolus is any foreign object (blood clot, tissue, tumor, plaque, air, gas) circulating in the blood.
- An embolism occurs when an embolus blocks a vessel.
Diagnostic Procedures
- A pulse oximeter monitors oxygenated blood levels in circulation, typically 96-100%.
- Angiography is a radiographic study of blood vessels using contrast medium, producing an angiogram.
- Cardiac catheterization is a diagnostic procedure to examine the heart and blood vessels.
- An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) records the heart's electrical activity.
Heart Valves
- Mitral valve prolapse is abnormal protrusion of the mitral valve, resulting in incomplete closure.
- A heart murmur is a sound caused by backflow of blood through a malfunctioning valve.
Cardiac Arrhythmias or Dysrhythmias
- Bradycardia is a slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
- Tachycardia is a fast heart rate above 100 beats per minute.
- Paroxysmal tachycardia is a sudden onset of rapid heart rate.
- Sinus rhythm is a normal heart rhythm with a rate of 80-100 bpm.
- Fibrillation is irregular and ineffective heart contractions.
- Atrial fibrillation (A-Fib) is rapid, unorganized atrial contractions that can affect blood pumping.
- Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) is rapid, quivering of the ventricles and is life-threatening.
Hypertension
- Hypertension is consistently elevated blood pressure, with systolic pressure above 140 and diastolic pressure above 90.
- Essential hypertension has an unknown origin.
- Secondary hypertension is associated with other medical conditions.
- Malignant hypertension is a sudden onset of life-threatening high blood pressure.
Cholesterol
- Cholesterol is a fatty substance essential for health, but high levels contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential elements of the cardiovascular system, including the structure and function of the heart, coronary arteries, electrical waves, and heart sounds. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to maintain circulation and overall health.
