Cardiovascular System Introduction
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Questions and Answers

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for receiving oxygen-poor blood from the body?

  • Left atrium
  • Right atrium (correct)
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle

What is the primary role of the myocardium?

  • To secrete hormones
  • To facilitate electrochemical impulses
  • To contract and pump blood (correct)
  • To provide a protective layer

Which structure separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

  • Tricuspid valve
  • Pulmonic valve
  • Bicuspid valve (mitral) (correct)
  • Aortic valve

What prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles when they relax?

<p>Semilunar valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood does the left ventricle primarily pump?

<p>Oxygen-rich blood to the aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure acts as a sac-like protective layer surrounding the heart?

<p>Pericardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart consists of loose connective tissue and covers the outer layer?

<p>Epicardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the papillary muscles to the heart valves?

<p>Chordae tendineae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment finding could indicate potential cardiac dysfunction?

<p>Pitting edema in the legs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding may suggest impaired cerebral perfusion related to cardiovascular issues?

<p>Confusion and disorientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings is least directly associated with the assessment of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Frequent cough with clear sputum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to peripheral edema?

<p>Right-sided heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom would be a key indicator of potential pulmonary complications related to heart failure?

<p>Presence of wheezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of echocardiography in diagnostic testing?

<p>To analyze functioning of the left ventricle and detect heart tumors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precautions should be taken during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

<p>Patients may need to remain completely still for the duration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential indication for drug-induced stress testing?

<p>To evaluate coronary artery disease in patients with compromised blood flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in post-procedure care following cardiac catheterization?

<p>Monitoring blood pressure and applying a pressure dressing are essential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does coronary arteriography help to determine?

<p>The degree of blockage in coronary arteries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored during the exercise ECG stress test?

<p>Patient's heart workload response during exercise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During cardiac catheterization preparation, which of the following is essential?

<p>Identifying any allergies and ensuring the patient is NPO. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Holter monitoring in electrocardiography?

<p>To record continuous ECG over 24-48 hours with activity diary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arterioles in the circulatory system?

<p>They regulate blood flow through dilation and constriction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the electrical impulse in the heart?

<p>Sinoatrial node (SA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves the relaxation of the heart muscles?

<p>Diastole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for altering heart rate based on carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Chemoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?

<p>Tricuspid valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel has the lowest pressure and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart?

<p>Veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which part of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart?

<p>Systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the coronary arteries?

<p>Deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the electrocardiograph (ECG) primarily measure?

<p>Electrical activity of the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically assessed in a patient for signs of cardiac dysfunction?

<p>Variability in hair growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of jugular vein distention typically indicate in a patient?

<p>Increased venous pressure in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung sound is most directly associated with heart failure?

<p>Crackles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An assessment finding of clubbing of the fingers is commonly associated with which of the following?

<p>Respiratory issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of assessment findings, which observation would most likely necessitate further evaluation for cardiac dysfunction?

<p>Cyanosis of the lips (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indication for performing coronary arteriography?

<p>Determining the degree of blockage in coronary arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the preparation for cardiac catheterization?

<p>Post-procedure rest instructions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test assesses both coronary artery disease and compromised blood flow?

<p>Drug-induced stress testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is monitored during Holter monitoring in electrocardiography?

<p>Patient's diary of symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does echocardiography primarily evaluate?

<p>Function of the left ventricle and congenital defects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a patient experience during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedure?

<p>Flushed feeling and anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of conducting a drug-induced stress test?

<p>To assess the heart’s response to increased workload (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is used to assess the size and shape of heart chambers?

<p>Angiocardiography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contraction of the heart muscle?

<p>Myocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tricuspid valve within the heart?

<p>To separate the right atrium from the right ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains serous fluid that reduces friction between layers of the heart?

<p>Pericardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the pulmonary circulation from the systemic circulation?

<p>Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after contraction?

<p>Pulmonic valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chordae tendineae in the functioning of heart valves?

<p>To connect papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the cardiac tissue helps to reduce friction during heart contractions?

<p>Serous fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation?

<p>Left ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation?

<p>Pulmonary valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the heart is in diastole, which of the following events occurs?

<p>Atria contract to fill ventricles with blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the conduction system is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?

<p>Sinoatrial node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do baroreceptors play in the regulation of heart rate?

<p>Alter heart rate based on blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the aorta?

<p>Supplies oxygenated blood to the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the refractory period in cardiac function?

<p>Prevents premature contractions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the stroke volume of the heart?

<p>Myocardial contractility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does oxygenated blood come from before it enters the left atrium?

<p>Pulmonary veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles eject blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta?

<p>Systole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of coronary veins?

<p>Carry CO2 away from the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment finding is most indicative of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Pitting edema in the lower extremities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom may suggest impaired cerebral perfusion associated with cardiac dysfunction?

<p>Confusion and disorientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT typically indicate poor cardiovascular health?

<p>Normal respiratory sounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding is commonly associated with chronic hypoxia due to cardiac issues?

<p>Presence of clubbing of fingers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these signs would most strongly suggest fluid overload due to cardiac dysfunction?

<p>Increased jugular venous pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of cardiac tissue is primarily composed of fibrous and loose connective tissue?

<p>Epicardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do the atrioventricular (AV) valves serve in the heart?

<p>Separate the atria from the ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves is specifically associated with the right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles after contraction?

<p>Semilunar valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The myocardium is defined as which layer of the heart?

<p>Muscle tissue layer responsible for contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contributes to the reduction of friction within the heart?

<p>Serous fluid in the pericardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the cardiopulmonary system in relation to oxygen?

<p>Transports oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of the septum within the heart?

<p>Separates the heart chambers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary information is obtained from cardiac catheterization?

<p>Degree of blockage in coronary arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which diagnostic test would a patient be monitored for symptoms associated with daily activities?

<p>Holter monitoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential consideration when preparing a patient for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan?

<p>Screening for kidney function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test assesses myocardial damage and circulatory perfusion?

<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the post-procedure care for coronary arteriography primarily focus on?

<p>Monitoring for bleeding and infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following preparations is NOT required for cardiac catheterization?

<p>Performing a stress test prior to the procedure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of performing an exercise ECG?

<p>To evaluate the heart's response to increased workload (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diagnostic test focuses specifically on congenital defects and changes in tissue layers of the heart?

<p>Echocardiography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the contraction of the ventricles during the cardiac cycle?

<p>Purkinje fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure and influencing heart rate?

<p>Baroreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the atria relax and fill with blood?

<p>Diastole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves prevents backflow into the left atrium during ventricular contraction?

<p>Mitral valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the coronary veins in the circulatory system?

<p>Return deoxygenated blood from myocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the heart's conduction system maintains rhythm?

<p>Electrical depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel has thicker walls to accommodate high pressure and transport oxygenated blood?

<p>Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the refractory period in cardiac muscle cells?

<p>Resistance to electrical stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cardiac output is accurate?

<p>Normal range is 4 to 8 L/minute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cardiovascular structure is involved in the exchange of nutrients and waste at the cellular level?

<p>Capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heart Chambers

The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower). A septum separates the right and left sides.

Heart Circulation

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).

Heart Tissue Layers

The heart has three tissue layers: epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle muscle layer), and endocardium (inner lining). A pericardium surrounds the heart.

Heart Valves (AV)

Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral) separate the atria from the ventricles, ensuring one-way blood flow from atria to ventricles. They are cusped (leaflike).

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Heart Valves (Semilunar)

Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow from the arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) into the ventricles during relaxation.

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Cardiovascular System Function: Oxygen

The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen-rich blood to tissues and removes carbon dioxide.

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Cardiovascular System Function: Nutrients

The cardiovascular system also transports nutrients throughout the body.

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Cardiovascular System Function: NOT Lung Exchange

The cardiovascular system does not directly exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air (this is the function of the lungs).

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart.

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Veins

Blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste.

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Inferior and Superior Vena Cava

Large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium of the heart.

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Pulmonary Artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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Aorta

The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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Coronary Arteries

Arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood.

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Tricuspid Valve Function

Allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

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Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of electrical and mechanical events in the heart.

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Tricuspid Valve Location

The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart.

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Peripheral Edema

Peripheral edema refers to swelling in the extremities, often the ankles and feet, due to fluid buildup.

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Jugular Vein Distention

Jugular vein distention indicates increased pressure on the right side of the heart, often due to heart failure.

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Crackles, Wheezes, Gurgles

These sounds indicate fluid in the lungs, a common symptom of heart failure.

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Clubbing of Fingers

Clubbing of fingers is a sign of chronic lack of oxygen in the blood, often associated with heart disease.

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Cardiac Catheterization Prep

Before a cardiac catheterization, medication needs to be stopped, the client must fast, and allergies must be documented. IV fluids and sedation may be given.

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Cardiac Catheterization Post-Procedure

After a cardiac catheterization, a pressure dressing is applied, vital signs, especially blood pressure, are monitored, and the client needs to limit activity, report pain or bleeding, and drink plenty of fluids.

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What does coronary arteriography diagnose?

Coronary arteriography determines the degree of blockage in the coronary arteries, highlighting areas of narrowed or blocked blood flow to the heart.

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Stress Test Purpose

A stress test, using drugs like adenosine or dipyridamole, assesses blood flow and potential coronary artery disease problems.

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What is an Echocardiography?

An echocardiography uses sound waves to visualize the left ventricle's function, identify tumors or congenital defects, and observe changes in the heart's tissue layers.

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MRI for the Heart

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides detailed insights into heart anatomy, function, blood flow, metabolism, and circulatory perfusion.

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ECG Types

Electrocardiography (ECG) measures electrical activity of the heart. Types include resting ECG, exercise ECG (stress test), and Ambulatory ECG (Holter monitoring for 24 hours).

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Holter Monitoring

Holter monitoring is a type of Ambulatory ECG that records heart activity over 24 hours. The patient keeps a diary to log activities and symptoms during that time.

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Right vs. Left Heart Circulation

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) for oxygenation, while the left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).

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Pericardium

A sac that surrounds the heart, consisting of two layers: the parietal layer and the visceral layer. Fluid between these layers reduces friction as the heart beats.

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Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

These valves prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria. There's the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and ventricle, and the bicuspid (mitral) valve between the left atrium and ventricle.

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Semilunar Valves

These valves prevent backflow from the arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) into the ventricles. They are called the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve.

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What are Chordae Tendineae?

These are small, tough cords that attach the AV valves to small muscles called papillary muscles. They prevent the valves from flipping back into the atria during ventricular contraction.

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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to tissues and removes carbon dioxide and waste products, ensuring the body's cells get what they need.

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SA Node

The pacemaker of the heart, responsible for initiating heartbeats.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

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Pedal Edema

Swelling in the ankles or feet due to fluid buildup, often a sign of heart dysfunction.

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Echocardiography: What does it show?

Echocardiography uses sound waves to create images of the heart. It helps visualize the left ventricle's function, detect tumors or congenital defects, and examine changes in the heart's tissue layers.

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MRI for the Heart: What information does it reveal?

Cardiac MRI provides detailed images of the heart's anatomy, function, blood flow, metabolism, and how well blood circulates.

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What types of ECGs are there?

Electrocardiography (ECG) measures the heart's electrical activity. There are resting ECGs (at rest), exercise ECGs (stress tests), and ambulatory ECGs (Holter monitoring over 24 hours).

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Cardiac Catheterization Prep: What are the key considerations?

Before a cardiac catheterization, patients need to stop certain medications, fast, and inform medical staff about allergies. IV fluids and sedation might be given.

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Cardiac Catheterization Post-Procedure: What are the main concerns?

After a cardiac catheterization, a pressure dressing is applied to the site, vital signs (especially blood pressure) are monitored closely, and patients need to limit activity, report any pain or bleeding, and drink plenty of fluids.

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Coronary Arteriography: What does it diagnose?

Coronary arteriography helps determine the degree of blockage in the coronary arteries, showing areas where blood flow to the heart is narrowed or blocked.

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Drug-Induced Stress Testing: What does it assess?

Drug-induced stress testing, using medications like adenosine or dipyridamole, helps evaluate blood flow and identify potential coronary artery disease issues.

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What does a Holter monitor do?

A Holter monitor is a type of ambulatory ECG that continuously records heart activity for 24 hours. The patient also keeps a diary to note their activities and any related symptoms.

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Inferior Vena Cava

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.

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Superior Vena Cava

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart.

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Tricuspid Valve

A valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle, allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle and preventing backflow.

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Cardiac Tissue Layers

The heart has three layers: the outer epicardium, the middle muscle layer called the myocardium, and the inner layer called the endocardium. A sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart.

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Atrioventricular Valves

These valves prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria. They are called the tricuspid valve (between the right atrium and ventricle) and the bicuspid (mitral) valve (between the left atrium and ventricle).

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Pulmonary Circulation

The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back again. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and returns to the heart.

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Systemic Circulation

The flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body's tissues, where it drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide.

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Chordae Tendineae

These are small, tough cords that attach the atrioventricular valves to small muscles called papillary muscles. They prevent the valves from flipping back into the atria during ventricular contraction.

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What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood and nutrients to tissues, removing carbon dioxide and waste products, and regulating body temperature.

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Echocardiography

A non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart, allowing doctors to assess its function, identify tumors or congenital defects, and examine changes in the heart's tissue layers.

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Cardiac Catheterization

A procedure that involves threading a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into a heart chamber or blood vessel to diagnose and treat heart conditions.

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Coronary Arteriography

A specialized x-ray procedure that uses dye to visualize the coronary arteries, allowing doctors to assess the degree of blockage or narrowing in these blood vessels.

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Drug-Induced Stress Testing

A type of stress test that uses medications (like adenosine or dipyridamole) to simulate exercise by increasing blood flow, revealing potential coronary artery disease.

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Ambulatory ECG (Holter Monitor)

A 24-hour recording of the heart's electrical activity using a small, portable device. Patients also keep a diary to log activities and symptoms.

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Resting vs. Exercise ECG (Stress Test)

Resting electrocardiogram (ECG) measures heart electrical activity while at rest, while an exercise ECG monitors it during physical activity, detecting any problems arising under stress.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Introduction

  • This chapter introduces the cardiovascular system, focusing on its anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy and Physiology #1

  • Heart Chambers: The heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
  • A septum divides the right and left sides of the heart.
  • Right side: pulmonary circulation
  • Left side: systemic circulation

Anatomy and Physiology #2

  • Cardiac Tissue Layers: The heart wall has three layers:
    • Epicardium: outer layer, fibrous loose connective tissue
    • Myocardium: middle layer, muscle tissue
    • Endocardium: inner layer, thin smooth layer of endothelial cells
  • Pericardium: saclike structure with two layers (parietal and visceral)
  • Serous fluid reduces friction between layers.

Anatomy and Physiology #3

  • Heart Valves: Valves ensure one-way blood flow.
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves separate atria from ventricles
  • Tricuspid valve: between right atrium and ventricle
  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve: between left atrium and ventricle
  • Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles support the valves.

Anatomy and Physiology #4

  • Heart Valves (cont.):
  • Semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) prevent backflow into the ventricles.
  • Pulmonic valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
  • Aortic valve: between left ventricle and aorta
  • Function from contraction and relaxation of ventricles

Anatomy and Physiology #5

  • Arteries and Veins:
  • Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; Arterioles can dilate or constrict.
  • Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart; Venules have larger diameters, lower pressure.
  • Capillaries are for direct contact with cells; deliver oxygen and metabolic substances.

Anatomy and Physiology #6

  • Cardiopulmonary Circulation:
  • Inferior and superior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
  • Pulmonary artery carries venous blood to the lungs.
  • Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
  • Aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all body tissues.

Anatomy and Physiology #7

  • Blood Supply to the Heart:
  • Coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium (heart muscle).
  • Coronary veins carry carbon dioxide-rich blood away from the heart, back to the inferior and superior venae cavae.

Anatomy and Physiology #8

  • Cardiac Cycle: The cycle includes:
  • Electrical and mechanical events in atria and ventricles
  • Diastole: filled atria contract
  • Systole: contracted ventricles
  • Conduction system sustains electrical activity in the heart.

Conduction System of the Heart #1

  • Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of the heart; 60-100 impulses per minute
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node: receives impulses from SA node
  • Bundle of His: transmits impulses to the ventricles
  • Bundle branches: transmit impulses to the left and right ventricles
  • Purkinje fibers: transmit impulses throughout the ventricles causing ventricular contraction

Conduction System of the Heart #2

  • Polarization: diastole, myocardial cells at rest
  • Depolarization: cardiac muscle contraction
  • Repolarization: returning to polarized alignment, another electrical impulse
  • Refractory period: cells resist electrical stimulation
  • Electrocardiograph (ECG): detects electrical activity

Anatomy and Physiology #9

  • Regulation of Heart Rate:
  • Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic systems)
  • Baroreceptors, pressure-sensitive nerve endings; blood pressure compensation
  • Chemoreceptors sensitive to pH and CO2; alter heart rate; see box 22-1
  • Cardiac output: 4 to 8 liters per minute, stroke volume.

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System #1

  • History: past medical history, family history, prescription and non-prescription drug use, familial and genetic predisposition
  • Physical Exam: General appearance (ischemia, chest or leg pain), vital signs (temperature, fever, pulse rate, rhythm, pulse volume, pulse deficit, respiratory rate, accessory muscles, blood pressure).

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System #2

  • Cardiac Rhythm: heart’s electrical activity; palpate peripheral pulse or auscultate apical heart rate
  • Telemetry: monitoring of heart activity
  • Normal Heart Sounds: S1/S2 ("lub-dub"), apex of heart
  • Abnormal Heart Sounds: S3 (ventricular gallop), S4 (atrial gallop), murmurs, clicks, friction rub

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System #3

  • Peripheral pulses: radial pulses, leg pulses bilaterally; assess presence/absence and strength

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System #4

  • Skin: assess for cyanosis, pallor, color changes on mucous membranes, lips, earlobes, skin, and nail beds, sparse hair growth, thick toe nails, varicosities.
  • Peripheral edema: pitting edema, scale +1 to +4
  • Weight: indicates edema, daily
  • Jugular veins: Distention, increased pressure on the right side of the heart.

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System #5

  • Lung sounds: crackles, wheezes, gurgles
  • Sputum: frequency, amount, and appearance, pulmonary complications, heart failure
  • Mental status: cerebral ischemia, confusion, disorientation

Question #1

  • The major functions of the cardiovascular system exclude the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which is a function of the lungs (ventilation), not the heart.

Question #2

  • The tricuspid valve allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle; preventing backflow.

Question #3

  • Assessment findings that indicate cardiac dysfunction include pedal edema, irregular heart rhythm, and clubbing of fingers
  • all of the above are indicators.

Diagnostic Tests #1

  • Laboratory Tests: serum enzymes, isoenzymes, cholesterol, lipid analysis
  • Radiography and Radionuclide Studies: determines size and position of the heart, nuclear cardiology (myocardial damage)
  • Echocardiography: function of the left ventricle, tumors, congenital defects, changes in tissue layers of the heart; transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

Diagnostic Tests #2

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): cardiac anatomy; function; blood flow; metabolism, circulatory perfusion. Preparation includes screening for kidney function, use of earplugs, and sometimes anxiety reduction. See box 22-2.
  • Electrocardiography (ECG): resting and exercise ECG, ambulatory ECG (Holter monitoring)
  • Diary: of activities and associated symptoms
  • Exercise ECG: stress test to increase heart's workload.

Diagnostic Tests #3

  • Drug-Induced Stress Testing: adenosine (Adenocard); dipyridamole (Persantine); used to assess compromised blood flow and coronary artery disease.
  • Cardiac Catheterization: preparation includes medication omission, NPO status, allergy identification; IV fluids and sedatives; post-procedure involves pressure dressings, BP monitoring; instructions to avoid movement; pain/bleeding reporting and drinking large fluid volume. See client and family teaching 22-1.

Diagnostic Tests #4

  • Coronary Arteriography: determines degree of blockage in coronary arteries.
  • Postprocedure: assess for bleeding or infection, and monitor vascular status.
  • Angiocardiography: size and shape of heart chambers, great vessels, and congenital abnormalities; Aortography: aortic aneurysms
  • Peripheral arteriography: assessment for occlusive arterial disease.

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Chapter 22: Introduction to the Cardiovascular System PDF

Description

This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It includes details about heart chambers, tissue layers, and valves, providing a comprehensive overview of its structure and functions. Test your understanding of these essential concepts in human biology.

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