Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

Describe the sequential flow of blood from the radial vein to the superior vena cava, naming each vessel along the way.

The sequence is: radial vein, ulnar vein, brachial vein, axillary vein, subclavian vein, brachiocephalic vein, and finally, the superior vena cava.

Explain why vasodilation in a peripheral artery leads to decreased blood pressure downstream.

Vasodilation increases the diameter of the blood vessel, reducing resistance. Since pressure is inversely related to the vessel diameter, the blood pressure decreases downstream.

Outline the path of blood flow from the right atrium back to the left ventricle, naming the heart chambers, valves, and major blood vessels involved in the pulmonary circuit.

The path is: right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, then the left atrium.

Predict how increased vasodilation in the forearm would affect blood flow in the brachial artery, and explain your reasoning.

<p>Increased vasodilation in the forearm would likely increase blood flow in the brachial artery, as vasodilation reduces downstream resistance, increasing flow to the area that is experiencing vasodilation. The body will try to maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the merging of the radial and ulnar veins into the brachial vein contributes to efficient blood return from the hand.

<p>The merging of smaller veins into a larger vein reduces the total resistance, facilitating more efficient blood return. Blood that may have been diverted from one vein to the other is not forced to take only one path.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a blockage in their axillary vein, describe the pathway blood would need to take to reach the superior vena cava.

<p>Blood would attempt to bypass the blockage through collateral veins or alternative venous routes to eventually reach the subclavian vein, then the brachiocephalic vein, and finally the superior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the roles of the subclavian vein and the brachiocephalic vein in transporting blood back to the heart.

<p>The subclavian vein drains blood directly from the arm, while the brachiocephalic vein is formed by the merging of the subclavian and internal jugular veins, draining blood from both the arm and the head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, vasodilation occurs in working muscles. Explain how this vasodilation affects both local blood flow to the muscles and systemic blood pressure.

<p>Locally, vasodilation increases blood flow to the muscles. Systemically, widespread vasodilation can lower overall blood pressure; however, other mechanisms like increased heart rate help maintain blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how gravity influences blood flow differently in humans compared to sharks.

<p>In humans, gravity significantly affects blood flow, especially in the lower limbs, requiring mechanisms like venous valves. Sharks, due to their horizontal orientation and aquatic environment, experience minimal gravitational effects on their circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe two specific adaptations that giraffes have developed to counteract the effects of gravity on their circulatory system.

<p>Giraffes have high blood pressure to pump blood to the brain and a rete mirabile at the base of the brain to regulate blood flow when lowering their heads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>The primary function is to process sensory information and coordinate voluntary and involuntary responses in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between afferent and efferent neurons in terms of their function within the nervous system.

<p>Afferent neurons transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS, while efferent neurons transmit motor commands from the CNS to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do motor neurons contribute to the body's response to stimuli?

<p>Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands, initiating movement or secretion in response to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of interneurons within the reflex arc.

<p>Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the spinal cord, facilitating rapid and automatic responses to stimuli without involving the brain directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the difference between visuomotor learning and sensorimotor adaptation.

<p>Visuomotor learning involves acquiring new motor skills through visual feedback, while sensorimotor adaptation adjusts existing motor skills in response to changing sensory input or environmental conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prismatic adaptation, and what does it demonstrate about the brain's ability?

<p>Prismatic adaptation is the process where the brain adjusts to altered visual input caused by prisms, demonstrating the brain's neuroplasticity and ability to recalibrate sensorimotor mappings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how vasodilation affects blood flow and blood pressure differently in peripheral vessels compared to central vessels. Provide a brief overview of each.

<p>In peripheral vessels, vasodilation increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure. In central vessels, vasodilation decreases resistance, which may lead to slightly increased blood flow upstream, but it generally has a minimal effect on blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary effect of gravity on blood flow in human lower limbs, and outline one physiological mechanism the body uses to counteract this effect.

<p>Gravity increases the pressure in the veins of the legs and feet when standing or sitting, pulling blood downward. Physiological mechanisms the body uses include valves in the veins to prevent backflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a drug causes significant vasodilation in the lower limbs, what immediate changes in blood pressure would you expect to observe in those limbs, and how might the body attempt to compensate for these changes systemically?

<p>You would expect to see a decrease in blood pressure in the lower limbs. The body might compensate by increasing heart rate or contractility to maintain overall systemic blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the functions of the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts differ significantly in controlling movement?

<p>The lateral corticospinal tract primarily controls voluntary movements of the limbs, while the anterior corticospinal tract mainly controls trunk muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the effect of gravity on blood flow differ between a human standing upright and a shark swimming horizontally, and why?

<p>In a human, gravity significantly impacts blood flow to the lower limbs. In a shark swimming horizontally, gravity's effect on blood distribution is minimal because their body is supported by the water and the heart does not need to pump against gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of lower motor neurons in the descending motor pathway and what happens when they are activated?

<p>Lower motor neurons project from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles. When activated, they directly innervate these muscles, causing them to contract and produce movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why vasodilation in the peripheral vessels has only a minimal direct impact on blood pressure in the central vessels close to the heart.

<p>Vasodilation has only a minimal direct impact on blood pressure in the central vessels due to compensatory mechanisms, such as adjusting heart rate and contractility, that stabilize the overall systemic blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the effect of gravity on blood flow in the lower limbs of a giraffe compared to that of a human. What anatomical adaptations do giraffes have to manage this?

<p>Gravity has a much greater impact on blood flow in the lower limbs of a giraffe due to their height. Giraffes have tighter skin, thick vessel walls, and specialized valves to manage the increased hydrostatic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do auditory cues generally lead to faster reaction times compared to visual cues, and what is the approximate difference in reaction times?

<p>Auditory reaction times are generally faster due to quicker sensory processing with fewer synapses in the auditory pathway. The difference is approximately 40 milliseconds faster for auditory stimuli (140-160 ms versus 180-200 ms).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the challenges in blood circulation faced by a tall animal like a giraffe compared to a human when both are standing.

<p>Giraffes face greater challenges due to their height, requiring more pressure to pump blood to the brain and counteract gravitational pooling in the legs. Humans face similar but less extreme challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the decussation that occurs in the medulla within the descending motor pathway. What would be the result if this did not occur?

<p>Decussation in the medulla is where the corticospinal tract fibers cross to the opposite side of the brainstem. If this did not occur, motor control would primarily affect the same side of the body as the motor cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ascending visual and auditory pathways, which structures serve as relay stations that integrate and filter sensory information before it reaches the cortex?

<p>In the visual pathway, the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) acts as a relay station, while in the auditory pathway, the Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) serves the same role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the increased blood flow to muscles during exercise is related to vasodilation, and what effect this localized vasodilation has on overall blood pressure regulation.

<p>Increased blood flow to muscles during exercise is due to vasodilation in those muscles. This localized vasodilation has minimal impact on overall blood pressure because the body's compensatory mechanisms maintain systemic blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of synapses in the auditory pathway contribute to faster reaction times compared to the visual pathway?

<p>The auditory pathway has fewer synapses between the sensory receptors and the brain regions that initiate motor responses, allowing for quicker transmission of signals and thus faster reaction times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starting from the motor cortex, describe the path a descending motor signal takes to initiate voluntary movement of the arm.

<p>The signal travels from the motor cortex, descends through the brainstem, decussates in the medulla, travels down the lateral corticospinal tract in the spinal cord, synapses onto lower motor neurons in the ventral horn, and finally reaches the arm muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline how sound waves are converted into neural signals within the auditory system, clarifying the initial structure involved.

<p>Sound waves are transduced into neural signals by hair cells in the cochlea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary function of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) in the visual pathway.

<p>The LGN processes and organizes visual signals received from the optic tract before relaying them to the visual cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how photoreceptors contribute to adaptation in varying light conditions.

<p>Rods are more active in low light conditions, while cones are more active in bright light conditions. This allows the visual system to function effectively in a wide range of illumination levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do photoreceptors convert light into signals the brain can understand?

<p>Photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals through phototransduction. When light hits photopigments, it triggers a biochemical cascade that hyperpolarizes the cell and releases neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does sensorimotor adaptation assist with balance and coordination?

<p>Sensorimotor adaptation helps maintain coordination and balance by allowing the body to adjust to new sensory inputs, ensuring smooth and accurate movements, especially when navigating uneven surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the optic chiasm, where do visual signals travel, and what is that location's role?

<p>After the optic chiasm, visual signals continue as optic tracts to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus. The LGN processes and organizes these signals before sending them to the visual cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process by which photoreceptors adapt to changes in light intensity. Specifically, how do rods and cones contribute differently?

<p>Photoreceptors adapt through varying sensitivities: Rods are highly sensitive and function primarily in low light conditions, whereas cones require brighter light and are responsible for color vision. This division of labor enables sight across a wide range of light levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of phototransduction. What initiates this process, and what is the immediate outcome?

<p>Phototransduction is the process where light is converted into electrical signals within photoreceptors. The process is initiated when light strikes photopigments within the photoreceptor, leading to hyperpolarization of the cell and the release of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps between photoreceptors and the information being sent to the brain?

<p>Photoreceptors send graded potentials to bipolar cells, which then transmit the signals to ganglion cells. The ganglion cells' axons form the optic nerve, which carries the information to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the frequency of action potentials affect the strength of muscle contraction, and what is this phenomenon called?

<p>Increasing the frequency of action potentials leads to temporal summation, which increases the strength of muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of calcium in the cross-bridge cycling process during muscle contraction, detailing what happens when calcium levels are elevated.

<p>Elevated calcium levels allow myosin heads to bind to actin filaments, forming cross-bridges and initiating muscle contraction. This binding continues as long as calcium remains elevated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what occurs in the muscle when tetanus is achieved, and explain the underlying cause of this state.

<p>Tetanus is a sustained muscle contraction caused by continuous release of calcium and repeated cross-bridge cycling due to rapid, successive action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does spatial summation contribute to the overall force generation in muscle contraction? Provide an example.

<p>Spatial summation involves recruiting more motor units to increase the force of muscle contraction. For instance, lifting a heavy object requires more motor units than lifting a light object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why rapid conduction velocity is crucial for reflex actions, providing an example to illustrate your point.

<p>Rapid conduction velocity in reflex arcs minimizes the time between stimulus detection and response. For example, in a knee-jerk reflex, a quick sensory signal allows for an immediate muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the importance of high conduction velocity in motor pathways, particularly in activities requiring fine motor skills. Provide a real-world example.

<p>High conduction velocity in motor pathways ensures prompt delivery of signals to muscles, enabling coordinated and smooth movements. An example is catching a ball, which requires rapid and precise muscle activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of signal transmission, facilitated by conduction velocity, contribute to an organism's survival?

<p>Faster conduction velocities allow for quicker transmission of signals between neurons, enabling rapid reflexes and timely responses to stimuli, which is crucial for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a toxin were to slow down conduction velocity in neurons, what would be some potential consequences for muscle function and coordination?

<p>Slowing conduction velocity would delay signal transmission, leading to slower reflexes, impaired coordination, and reduced muscle response time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Radial and Ulnar Veins

Veins that drain blood from the forearm.

Brachial Vein

Vein formed by the merging of the radial and ulnar veins in the upper arm.

Axillary Vein

Continuation of the brachial vein in the shoulder region.

Subclavian Vein

Vein that carries blood from the arm toward the heart; formed from the axillary vein.

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Brachiocephalic Vein

Vein formed by the joining of the subclavian and internal jugular veins.

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Superior Vena Cava

Large vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.

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Pulmonary Veins

Blood vessel carrying oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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Vasodilation on Downstream Blood Flow

Increased blood flow due to reduced resistance in the dilated vessel.

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Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, reducing resistance to blood flow.

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Vasodilation Impact (Peripheral BP)

In peripheral vessels, vasodilation typically decreases blood pressure.

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Vasodilation Impact (Central BP)

In central vessels, vasodilation may slightly increase blood flow but has minimal impact on blood pressure.

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Vasodilation: Decreased Resistance

Decreases resistance, allowing blood to flow more freely into the dilated region.

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Vasodilation Purpose

Ensures tissues needing more oxygen receive adequate blood flow.

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Effect of Gravity on Blood flow.

Force exerted by gravity on blood, affecting its distribution throughout the body.

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Gravity's Effect: Human Lower Limbs

Blood has to travel against gravity to return to the heart, increasing pressure in leg veins.

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Human limbs vs Head

In humans, gravity pulls blood downwards when standing, increasing pressure in leg veins.

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Lateral Corticospinal Tract

Controls voluntary limb movements after decussating.

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Anterior Corticospinal Tract

Controls trunk muscles; does not decussate.

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Lower Motor Neurons

Neurons from spinal cord to skeletal muscles that cause muscle contraction.

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Descending Motor Pathway

The nerve pathway that goes from the motor cortex to the spinal cord.

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Auditory vs. Visual Reaction Times

Auditory reaction times are generally faster than visual reaction times because the auditory system processes sound more quickly.

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Cochlea's Role

Sound waves are quickly transduced into neural signals by hair cells.

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Lower Motor Neurons

These neurons project from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles.

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Ventral Horn Neurons

The descending fibers of the corticospinal tract synapse onto these neurons.

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Giraffe's Systolic Pressure

High blood pressure needed to pump blood to the brain against gravity.

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Gravity-Assisted Venous Return (Giraffes)

Helps blood return from the head to the heart in giraffes.

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Giraffe Vascular Adaptations

Thickened vessels and valves prevent blood pooling in the legs.

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Rete Mirabile (Giraffe)

A network of blood vessels that regulates blood flow to the brain when a giraffe lowers its head.

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Gravity's Effect on Sharks

Minimal effect due to horizontal orientation and buoyancy.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord; control center for processing information.

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Afferent Neuron

Neuron carrying signals toward the CNS from sensory receptors.

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Efferent Neuron

Neuron carrying signals away from the CNS to muscles or glands.

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Optic Tracts

Carry visual signals from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus.

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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

The primary relay center for visual information in the thalamus; processes and organizes visual signals.

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Visual Cortex (V1)

Located in the occipital lobe; interprets visual information such as shape, color, and motion.

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Phototransduction

Conversion of light into electrical signals by photoreceptors (rods and cones).

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Photoreceptor Signal Processing

Send graded potentials to bipolar cells, which then transmit signals to ganglion cells.

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Photoreceptor Adaptation

Adjust to varying light conditions, with rods active in low light and cones in bright light.

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Sensorimotor Adaptation

Adjusting movements and perceptions in response to changes in the environment or body.

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Importance of Sensorimotor Adaptation

Helps maintain coordination and balance, allowing the body to adjust to new sensory inputs for smooth, accurate movements.

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Twitch Contraction

Brief muscle contraction from a single action potential.

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Tetanus (Muscle)

Sustained muscle contraction due to rapid, repeated action potentials.

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Temporal Summation

Increased contraction strength via more frequent action potentials.

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Spatial Summation

Increased contraction strength by activating more motor units.

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Sliding Filament Model

Sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other.

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Conduction Velocity

Speed at which electrical signals travel along a neuron.

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Significance: Fast Signal Transmission

Quick signal transmission for reflexes and rapid responses.

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Importance: Coordinated Movement

Ensures that signals to muscles are delivered promptly.

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Study Notes

Lab 1: Homeostasis and Blood Flow

  • Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment, regulating temperature and pH despite external changes
  • Negative feedback counteracts changes to maintain homeostasis, activating mechanisms in the body to regulate temperature
  • The set-point is the desired range for physiological variable such as a human's body temp of 37°C (98.6°F)
  • Vasoconstriction narrows blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and reducing flow in certain parts of the body as a reaction to cold temperatures
  • Vasodilation widens blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure and increasing blood flow as a response to increased metabolic activity
  • Local blood flow varies based on the tissue of organ's metabolic needs, increasing to the muscles during exercies
  • Blood Pressure: Measured in mmHg as systolic over diastolic example 120/80 mmHg
  • Hypotension: Low blood pressure, defined below 90/60 mmHg, causes dizziness, fainting, or shock
  • Hypertension: High blood pressure, defined above 130/80 mmHg, increases the risk of heart defects and strokes
  • Plethysmograph: Assesses blood flow by measuring changes in volume
  • sensory receptors that detect temp changes and send signals to the brain to maintain body temp

Path of Blood Flow

  • Central blood pressure is interconnected with peripheral blood flow
  • Central blood pressure drives flow to the peripheries, and peripheral resistance influences the central pressure required
  • Path of Blood Flow from the Left Ventricle to the Fingertips and Back:
    • Blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta
    • The aorta then branches into smaller arteries
    • The subclavian artery supplies the arms
    • The subclavian artery becomes the brachial artery as it travels down the arm
    • The brachial artery splits into the radial and ulnar arteries
    • The digital arteries supply blood to the fingertips

Return Path to the Left Ventricle

- Blood from fingertips flows through digital veins, ulnar and radial veins, and brachial vein
- The brachial vein drains into the subclavian vein
- The subclavian vein joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
- The brachiocephalic veins merge into the superior vena cava
- Blood enters into the right atrium of the heart
- Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle
- Blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries and goes to the lungs for oxygenation
- Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
- Blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle, completing the circuit

Pulse Amplitude and Blood Flow Regulation

  • Pulse amplitude refers to the strength of the pulse in the arteries; influenced by the volume of blood pumped through the vessels
  • Vasodilation: Increases blood flow, resulting in stronger pulse
  • Vasoconstriction: Decreases blood flow, resulting in weaker pulse
  • Influences
    • Temperature
      • Heat: Causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow and pulse amplitude
      • Cold: Causes vasoconstriction, decreasing blood flow and pulse amplitude
    • Exercise: Increases blood flow and pulse amplitude due to vasodilation in active muscles
    • Hormonal: Adrenaline can cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction, affecting blood flow and pulse amplitude
    • Autonomic Nervous System: The sympathetic nervous system induces vasoconstriction, and the parasympathetic promotes vasodilation
  • Monitoring
    • Strong Pulse: Suggests good peripheral circulation and vasodilation
    • Weak Pulse: Suggests poor circulation/other cardiovascular matters

Vasoconstriction vs Vasodilation

- Vasoconstriction reduces peripheral blood flow and increases resistance; helps conserve heat and maintain circulation during stress
- Vasodilation increase peripheral blood flow and decrease resistance; promoting heat loss and improves oxygen delivery during high metabolic demand

Blood flow to Fingertips: Systemic circuit

- Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve
- Blood enters ascending aorta, then the aortic arch to the upper body, where blood travels to to subclavian artery
- The subclavian artery continues into the arm as the the axillary artery (in the armpit region) and the brachial artery (upper arm)
- The brachial artery divides into the radial and ulnar arteries (forearms) and then diverge into palmar inches
- Blood reaches the the fingertips through the digital arteries
- Deoxygenated blood drains into the digital veins and converges into palmar venous arches, and flows back through radial and ulnar veins
- Forms brachial vein, axillary vein and becomes subclavian vein, which joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
- Left and right flow into superior vena cava to the right atrium
  • Central blood flow may increase toward the vasodilation as there is less resistance to oppose the flow

Human vs. Giraffe/Shark Gravity Response

  • Humans
    • Lower limbs: Higher hydrostatic pressure occurs due to how muscles must pump higher in the limbs to return blood to the heart, where venous valves combat backflow, but long sitting can can blood pooling
    • Head: Lower hydrostatic pressure occurs due to experiencing less gravitational opposition
  • Sharks
    • Body is less affected by gravity in the buoyancy where water minimizes it effects on the circulatory system.
  • Giraffes
    • Tall Body: Poses a great threat to pumping blood great distances up the neck to fight gravity. Gravity aids aid venous return, adaptations and pressure regulation must occur to combat blood pooling.

Lab 2: Nervous System Pathways

  • Organization

    • CNS is composed of Brain and spinal cord: to interpret sensory and sends out command, coordinates voluntary
    • Afferent Neuron: carries sensory information to the CNS.
    • Sensory Neuron: Carries information to the sensory receptor of pain and light, to detect changes by relaying this information to spinal cord
    • Efferent Neuron: Carries from the CNS, for muscle or organ control. -Motor Neuron: Efferent that carries impulses causing muscle to contract; reflexive and voluntary actions.

  • Reflex Arc

    • Immediate thought that involves sensory to trigger response- knee jerk

  • Visuomotor Learning

    • the visual for motor adapting, like learning to play sports or instrument

  • Sensorimotor Adaptation

    • Adjusting motor action from changing senses

  • Prismatic Adaptation: the altered sensation is restored.

Neuron Pathway Anatomy and Physiology

  • Ascending visual to process visual stimuli form retina, optic, chiasm, tract, LGN
  • Ascending auditory to perceive and interpret from the ear. Cochlea, auditory, nuclei, complex
  • Descending motor to carry commanding to the voluntary cortiospinal tract: frontal and internal

Reactions from Sensory:

  • Generally, respond faster to auditory cues
  • Sensory is quicker because have shorter with less synapses; light requires detecting
  • Visual is more attention needing to the brain

Neruophysiolgy:

  • Light
    • Passes the retina, where photo convert, it's focused -Visual adapt, where muscle correct based on the brain signals with plasticity.
  • Brain learn this for recovery with adaptation

Auditory Pathway's Anatomy

  • Pains goes into Ears to Outer : Pinna
  • Middle: Eardrum vibrate to ear canal to small ossicles
  • Inner Cochlea for hearing, which has Corti cells and is tuned tonotopically.
  • Auditory nerve signal which reach branstem->nucleus/relay in brainster for hearing ->cortex in time lobe
  • Transduction- vibration from sound/basilar membrane to electrical in hair
  • Nerve fires from hair, allowing signals to travel in brain

Sensory Neuron

  • Found back of the eye, where converting light with photorecptors
  • There are rods for black and cone for color
  • Bipolar connect/transmit from sensory . Axon form axon - Nerve -> LGN for the brain

Sensorimotor Routine

  • Needed daily with coordination needed to move for physical task
  • For New tool, for the sense back and adaptive.

Rehabilitation: Stroke to adaptation, visual and motor

  • Used on: glass/senses, to new movement and senses!

Neuromsucslar Lab

  • Terminology
    • Tenon connects fibre muscles
    • Fiber signal -End Plate for muscles
    • Motor unit with neurons.
  • Muscle fibre
    • Twitch and action
  • Reflex to stimuli
  • Note*
  • 1 mm is rest where the electrode doesn't exist
  • Amplitude how many muscles are activating

Sensory- Motor

  • From: Neuron to fiber -> acetyl triggers the reaction, where calcium enters and is received
  • Muscle needs calcium, to allow contact.
  • Neurons work
  • The nerves tells the muscles
    • Unit is to control

Sliding Mechanism

 -Fiber structure -> microfibrils -> sarcomeres with myonin sliding over actin
- Nerve signal acetylcholine and calcium = move to side

Summary to sliding filaments +

Temporal =

  • Spinal where spinal reflex is quick.

Integration to:

  • Allow fine tune with feedback
  • Help balances, with protection.

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Description

Explore blood flow dynamics in the cardiovascular system, covering key concepts like vasodilation, venous return, and blood vessel pathways from the limbs to the heart. These questions address blood pressure and blood flow mechanisms. Understand the complete systemic and pulmonary circuits.

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