Class 22 Cardiovascular System and Infections

A disease caused by bacteria multiplying within macrophages, leading to lymph node necrosis and potential septicemia or pneumonia.

A form of plague characterized by swollen and painful lymph nodes (buboes) caused by bacterial infection.

A severe form of plague, in which the bacteria spread systemically, leading to high fever and potentially fatal complications.

A form of plague that primarily affects the lungs, potentially spreading through airborne transmission.

The death of cells within lymph nodes, often associated with the spread of infection and eventually leading to blood infection (septicemia).

Prompt administration of antibiotics is crucial. Prevention measures like rodent control and flea treatment are important.

Inflammation and swelling from a bacteria transmitted by a tick bite. Leading to bullseye rash, flu like symptoms and potentially local lymph node swelling.

A characteristic skin rash that appears as a bullseye on the affected area, resulting from the spreading inflammation from the bite site in Lyme Disease.

Infection caused by the Dengue virus, a ssRNA virus spread by mosquitoes.

A subsequent infection with a different Dengue strain, more severe than the primary infection.

Antibodies bind to new Dengue strains but don't neutralize them; instead, they increase infection severity.

Cells of the immune system infected & recruited by Dengue virus, leading to body-wide spread.

Harmful overreaction of the immune system, leading to severe symptoms.

Virus transmitted by arthropods (like mosquitoes).

Arbovirus leading to liver damage and significant clotting issues, often fatal.

Yellow fever & malaria hampered construction of the Panama Canal.

Indentured servants, a source of cheap labor, often died from diseases like yellow fever and malaria, due to their lack of immunity.

Africans had developed immunity to diseases like yellow fever from exposure in Africa.

A vaccine using an attenuated (weakened) strain of yellow fever (17D) provides lifelong immunity.

Malaria causes cyclical fevers (high and low), shivering, and sweating as the body fights the infection.

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species, parasites infecting various animal species (including humans).

Different Plasmodium species require different mosquito species for transmission (e.g., Anopheles for human malaria).

Malaria can occur anywhere with appropriate mosquito vectors, even in unexpected locations like parts of Asia and formerly in the US and Europe.

Malaria can be eliminated by controlling mosquito vectors long enough to break the transmission cycle.

Mosquito injects sporozoites into bloodstream; they travel to the liver, disappearing quickly, avoiding immune response.

Sporozoites transform to trophozoites in liver cells; divide into merozoites within a schizont (a large structure).

Infected liver cells rupture, releasing merozoites into bloodstream that invade red blood cells; disappear quickly, avoiding immune response.

Merozoites invade red blood cells; convert to ring stage, trophozoite, & schizont, with limited merozoite reproduction; limited diet (mostly hemoglobin).

Infected red blood cells simultaneously rupture, releasing merozoites into blood, triggering systemic inflammatory response (body reaction).

Body responds to massive invasion with systemic inflammation to deal with the debris from destroyed cells.

Merozoites reappear in the bloodstream and quickly invade new red blood cells, repeating the cycle.

Cyclic fevers occurring due to synchronous parasite release and cell lysis.

A recurring malaria infection caused by P. vivax parasites entering a dormant stage in the liver, leading to multiple infections without mosquito bites.

The ability of P. vivax parasites to remain dormant in the liver for extended periods, causing relapsing malaria.

Projections on the surface of P. falciparum parasites that allow them to stick to the walls of blood vessels, preventing them from being removed by the spleen.

The only stage of P. falciparum parasites visible in the blood, where they appear as small rings.

A severe complication of P. falciparum malaria where parasites clog brain capillaries, leading to inflammation, damage, and potentially fatal consequences.

An infection of the placenta caused by P. falciparum parasites that can lead to inflammation, damage, and complications for the fetus.

Male and female reproductive forms of malaria parasites that develop within red blood cells, awaiting transmission to a mosquito.

Infective forms of malaria parasites that develop in the mosquito and are injected into a new host when the mosquito bites.

The complex cycle of malaria infection involving an infected human, anopheles mosquito, and a susceptible human host. It requires a mosquito to bite an infected person, develop the parasite, and then bite another human.

A genetic condition where an individual inherits one copy of the normal hemoglobin gene and one copy of the sickle cell gene, resulting in partial protection against malaria but without severe sickle cell disease.

A genetic disorder caused by inheriting two copies of the sickle cell gene, leading to abnormal hemoglobin, red blood cell distortion, and severe health complications.

A change in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin, often leading to altered function or stability.

Individuals with sickle cell trait have some sickle-shaped red blood cells, which are less hospitable to the malaria parasite, reducing its ability to multiply and spread within the body.

The impact of malaria is immense, causing widespread disease, contributing to infant mortality, and impacting socioeconomic development.

The sickle cell trait is an example of an evolutionary trade-off, where a potentially harmful mutation (sickle cell anemia) provides a survival advantage in a malaria-prone environment.

The prevalence of the sickle cell trait in malaria-prone regions is evidence of how natural selection shapes human genetics to adapt to environmental pressures.