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Questions and Answers
Which side of the heart generates more force and has thicker muscular walls?
Which side of the heart generates more force and has thicker muscular walls?
- Bottom side
- Left side (correct)
- Top side
- Right side
What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?
What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?
- Transport blood to the lungs for gas exchange (correct)
- Localize to the thoracic region
- Transport blood to the entire body
- Generate high pressure
How do action potentials spread from cell to cell in cardiac muscle tissue?
How do action potentials spread from cell to cell in cardiac muscle tissue?
- Via alveoli
- Via intercalated disks (correct)
- Via lymphatic vessels
- Via capillaries
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
Which chamber of the heart has thicker muscular walls?
Which chamber of the heart has thicker muscular walls?
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves the heart's relaxation?
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves the heart's relaxation?
Which blood pressure reading indicates hypertension?
Which blood pressure reading indicates hypertension?
What causes the 'lub' and 'dub' heart sounds?
What causes the 'lub' and 'dub' heart sounds?
What is the function of capacitance veins in the vasculature?
What is the function of capacitance veins in the vasculature?
What is the term for the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole?
What is the term for the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole?
Which side of the heart generates more force?
Which side of the heart generates more force?
What adjusts resistance and blood pressure by altering the diameter of arterioles?
What adjusts resistance and blood pressure by altering the diameter of arterioles?
What is the term for the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts?
What is the term for the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts?
What is the equation for cardiac output?
What is the equation for cardiac output?
What is the primary factor affecting blood pressure?
What is the primary factor affecting blood pressure?
Which nervous system uses norepinephrine to increase heart rate and contractility?
Which nervous system uses norepinephrine to increase heart rate and contractility?
What is the function of the sinoatrial node in heart rate regulation?
What is the function of the sinoatrial node in heart rate regulation?
Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricular contraction?
Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricular contraction?
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output using heart rate and stroke volume?
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output using heart rate and stroke volume?
What type of blood vessels are responsible for blood storage and return?
What type of blood vessels are responsible for blood storage and return?
Which nervous system uses acetylcholine to decrease heart rate?
Which nervous system uses acetylcholine to decrease heart rate?
What causes vasodilation during exercise?
What causes vasodilation during exercise?
What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?
What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?
What is the primary factor affecting resistance in the vasculature?
What is the primary factor affecting resistance in the vasculature?
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system during exercise?
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system during exercise?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular System and Exercise Physiology Summary
- The cardiac cycle involves systole (ventricular contraction) and diastole (ventricular relaxation and refilling).
- The cardiac cycle includes isovolumetric contraction and relaxation phases when ventricles are closed.
- Heart valves such as aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid, and bicuspid control blood flow and produce lub-dub sounds.
- The vasculature includes elastic arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and capacitance veins for blood storage and return.
- Blood pressure depends on cardiac output and resistance; hypertension over 130/80 mmHg increases disease risk.
- Factors affecting blood pressure include vessel diameter, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, and resistance.
- Intrinsic regulation of heart rate is by the sinoatrial node, while extrinsic regulation is by the autonomic nervous system.
- The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine to increase heart rate and contractility, while the parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine to decrease heart rate.
- Exercise inhibits parasympathetic tone and activates sympathetic tone to increase heart rate, contractility, blood pressure, and respiration.
- Blood flow is affected by vessel radius, pressure, length, and viscosity; exercise induces local metabolite release causing vasodilation.
- Cardiac output is heart rate x stroke volume; stroke volume increases due to increased preload, inotropic agents, and decreased afterload.
- Training increases maximal cardiac output and VO2max through adaptations in blood volume, heart size, capillary density, and oxygen extraction.
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