25 Questions
Which side of the heart generates more force and has thicker muscular walls?
Left side
What is the main function of the pulmonary circuit?
Transport blood to the lungs for gas exchange
How do action potentials spread from cell to cell in cardiac muscle tissue?
Via intercalated disks
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
Right atrium
Which chamber of the heart has thicker muscular walls?
Left ventricle
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves the heart's relaxation?
Diastole
Which blood pressure reading indicates hypertension?
130/80 mmHg
What causes the 'lub' and 'dub' heart sounds?
Opening and closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
What is the function of capacitance veins in the vasculature?
Blood storage and return
What is the term for the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole?
End diastolic volume
Which side of the heart generates more force?
Left side
What adjusts resistance and blood pressure by altering the diameter of arterioles?
Arterioles
What is the term for the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts?
Systole
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac output = Heart rate * Stroke volume
What is the primary factor affecting blood pressure?
Vessel diameter
Which nervous system uses norepinephrine to increase heart rate and contractility?
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the function of the sinoatrial node in heart rate regulation?
Intrinsic regulation of heart rate
Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves ventricular contraction?
Systole
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output using heart rate and stroke volume?
Cardiac output = Heart rate * Stroke volume
What type of blood vessels are responsible for blood storage and return?
Capacitance veins
Which nervous system uses acetylcholine to decrease heart rate?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What causes vasodilation during exercise?
Local metabolite release
What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?
Blood pressure = Cardiac output * Resistance
What is the primary factor affecting resistance in the vasculature?
Vessel diameter
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system during exercise?
Increase heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure
Study Notes
Cardiovascular System and Exercise Physiology Summary
- The cardiac cycle involves systole (ventricular contraction) and diastole (ventricular relaxation and refilling).
- The cardiac cycle includes isovolumetric contraction and relaxation phases when ventricles are closed.
- Heart valves such as aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid, and bicuspid control blood flow and produce lub-dub sounds.
- The vasculature includes elastic arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and capacitance veins for blood storage and return.
- Blood pressure depends on cardiac output and resistance; hypertension over 130/80 mmHg increases disease risk.
- Factors affecting blood pressure include vessel diameter, cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, and resistance.
- Intrinsic regulation of heart rate is by the sinoatrial node, while extrinsic regulation is by the autonomic nervous system.
- The sympathetic nervous system uses norepinephrine to increase heart rate and contractility, while the parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine to decrease heart rate.
- Exercise inhibits parasympathetic tone and activates sympathetic tone to increase heart rate, contractility, blood pressure, and respiration.
- Blood flow is affected by vessel radius, pressure, length, and viscosity; exercise induces local metabolite release causing vasodilation.
- Cardiac output is heart rate x stroke volume; stroke volume increases due to increased preload, inotropic agents, and decreased afterload.
- Training increases maximal cardiac output and VO2max through adaptations in blood volume, heart size, capillary density, and oxygen extraction.
Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system and exercise physiology with this quiz. Covering topics such as the cardiac cycle, heart valves, blood pressure regulation, and the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of these essential physiological processes.
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