Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz

<p>Heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulse pressure increases with age due to decreased elasticity of the arteries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digoxin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases water reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The collecting duct becomes impermeable to water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II stimulates vasopressin secretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors block the action of aldosterone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors increase bradykinin levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinin increases the permeability of blood vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increased permeability allows fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonism of aldosterone receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased water reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spironolactone blocks aldosterone's action, reducing sodium reabsorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit sodium reabsorption, indirectly promoting potassium retention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Management of hypertension by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prazosin, tetrazosin, doxazosin, trimozosin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By blocking the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine on vascular smooth muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive antagonism at the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter in the Loop of Henle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased potassium secretion and loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethacrynic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment of pulmonary edema associated with heart failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It functions as a vasoconstrictor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By being converted to α-methylnoradrenaline which acts on α2-adrenoceptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased renal vascular resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imidazoline I1 receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains cardiac output while reducing peripheral resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium-induced exocytosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more specific for α2 receptors than for α1 receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substance P (C), Bradykinin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It raises blood pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to cough as a side effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AIIRAs do not affect bradykinin metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation and reduction in smooth muscle tone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of edema. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase sodium and water reabsorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes the collecting duct impermeable to water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased angiotensin II levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of bradykinin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing vascular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of aldosterone secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oedema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of the Na+-Cl- symporter in the distal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spironolactone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dihydropyridines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reabsorb 90% of sodium pre-distal tubule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cardiac output (A), Increased blood viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate blood pressure by controlling the volume of extracellular fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By providing a continuous pressure gradient during ventricular diastole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amlodipine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the backflow of blood towards the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the arteries become less flexible with age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits the receptors leading to reduced K+ secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit the epithelial sodium channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit aldosterone and reduce potassium secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induce relaxation of arterial and venous smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraction of vascular smooth muscle occurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit aldosterone action, affecting K+ and Na+ balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of hypokalemia caused by loop diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilation of blood vessels occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterioles are the site of greatest resistance to blood flow, contributing to significant pressure drop. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sodium reabsorption increases blood volume, leading to an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood pressure and decreased blood volume stimulate the release of renin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, increasing peripheral resistance and raising blood pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron, leading to increased water reabsorption and increased blood volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arterioles, due to their high resistance to blood flow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors increase the production of bradykinin, which stimulates C afferents in the airways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking the binding of angiotensin II to its receptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the influx of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, causing fluid retention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, while AIIRAs block the binding of angiotensin II to its receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate the production of angiotensinogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of specific receptors that lead to smooth muscle relaxation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethacrynic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease both sodium and potassium reabsorption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased water reabsorption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic recoil of arterial walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic pressure is measured during ventricular contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulse pressure often increases with age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure gradients created by the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced extracellular fluid volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce cardiac output. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β1 adrenoceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To treat hypertension with myocardial infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propranolol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of nitric oxide synthase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reducing central nervous system sympathetic activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has α1 antagonist properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of vasopressin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water is retained (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine becomes diluted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates sodium and water reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors block the breakdown of bradykinin, which stimulates C afferents in the airways, leading to cough. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II contributes to sodium reabsorption and increased blood pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AIIRAs block the binding of angiotensin II to its receptors, while ACE inhibitors block the production of angiotensin II. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACE inhibitors inhibit aldosterone secretion, which can contribute to potassium loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By promoting vasodilation by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinin increases vascular permeability, allowing fluid to leak out of blood vessels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure created by the contraction of the ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating blood flow to different tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as competitive antagonists of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased Blood Viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relief of pulmonary edema in heart failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic recoil of the arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethacrynic acid does not have a sulfonamide structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood viscosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The juxtaglomerular apparatus releases renin in response to decreased stretch (due to decreased blood pressure) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin indirectly increases blood pressure by stimulating the release of aldosterone, leading to sodium and water retention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased potassium excretion. (C), Increased water reabsorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BP = CO * PVR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They competitively inhibit the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone indirectly promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron by stimulating potassium secretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are vastly more capillaries in the body than any other type of blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Veins return blood from the tissues to the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium binds to calmodulin, activating myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates myosin, initiating contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block the entry of calcium into vascular smooth muscle cells, causing vasodilation and reducing peripheral resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiazide diuretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more selective for vascular calcium channels than cardiac calcium channels, minimizing cardiac side effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion of potassium through leak channels driven by the electrochemical gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause significant diuresis, exceeding the reabsorptive capacity of other segments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of arrhythmias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride, leading to increased excretion of magnesium and calcium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By facilitating the movement of water from the tubule lumen into the interstitium, driven by the hyperosmotic medulla. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the reabsorption of sodium in the collecting duct, driving potassium loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in a specific segment of the nephron, leading to a large diuresis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing peripheral vascular resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methyldopa does not significantly alter most cardiovascular reflexes, maintaining normal regulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-methylnoradrenaline is more selective for α2-adrenoceptors than noradrenaline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The action of dopamine β-hydroxylase, converting dopamine to noradrenaline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced peripheral vascular resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition of abnormally high blood pressure.

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

Medicines that lower blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme.

The pressure in arteries during heartbeats.

The pressure in arteries when the heart rests between beats.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

The average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle.

Resistance blood encounters in blood vessels.

A peptide that causes vasodilation and stimulates pain receptors, found in the airways.

A neuropeptide that transmits pain and inflammatory signals in the body.

A hormone that increases blood pressure and stimulates aldosterone secretion, leading to water retention.

Drugs that block the effects of angiotensin II at its receptors, reducing blood pressure with fewer side effects.

Medications that prevent calcium from entering cells, leading to relaxation of smooth muscle and lower heart contractility.

A common side effect due to increased bradykinin levels caused by ACE inhibition.

Atrial fibrillation condition often requiring careful management in elderly patients, commonly treated with anticoagulants.

Diuretics that inhibit the Na+-Cl- cotransporter in the proximal tubule.

Competitive antagonism of Na+-Cl- cotransporter leads to sodium reabsorption decrease.

Diuretics that inhibit Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter in the Loop of Henle.

Frontline therapy for pulmonary edema in heart failure patients.

Inhibit Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter at the thick ascending limb.

The process by which sodium ions are absorbed back into the bloodstream from the nephron.

Also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), it regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Water does not automatically follow sodium; requires vasopressin for permeability.

Under maximal vasopressin, the collecting duct allows free water passage, concentrating urine.

ACE inhibitors affect blood pressure by altering angiotensin and bradykinin levels.

Receptors located in larynx, trachea, and bronchi that trigger coughing.

ACE inhibitors can induce high potassium levels in the blood, affecting heart function.

A hormone that promotes vasoconstriction and releases aldosterone and vasopressin.

An aldosterone antagonist that prevents Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys.

A type of drug that blocks the effects of aldosterone, reducing Na+ reabsorption.

Spironolactone binds to receptors and prevents nuclear translocation.

Mild diuretics that help retain potassium while promoting Na+ excretion.

A competitive inhibitor of the epithelial Na+ channel, preventing Na+ reabsorption.

Drugs that competitively block α1-adrenoceptors, causing vasodilation.

K+ sparing diuretics are used in conjunction with loop diuretics to avoid hypokalemia.

Stimulation of α1 and α2 receptors leads to contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels.

Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system that lowers blood pressure and heart rate.

A type of adrenergic receptor that inhibits neurotransmitter release when activated.

A prodrug that converts to α-methylnoradrenaline, affecting blood pressure regulation in the CNS.

Hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline that are released during stress.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a messenger involved in many biological processes including signaling.

An enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP, important for cellular signaling.

The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.

A drug that binds to imidazoline receptors in the brain to lower blood pressure.

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

The pressure in arteries during heartbeats.

The pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest.

The average pressure in a person's arteries during a cardiac cycle.

The ability of the arteries to return to original shape after stretching.

Differences in pressure that drive blood flow through the vascular system.

The resistance encountered by blood flow in the vessels.

Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle, calculated using diastolic BP and pulse pressure.

High pressure found in arteries, typically around 120 mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg diastolic.

Pressure in capillaries is around 35 mm Hg, allowing for nutrient and gas exchange.

Resistance is highest in arterioles, causing the greatest pressure drop in systemic circulation.

Increased sodium retention raises blood volume, contributing to higher blood pressure.

Part of the kidney that detects low blood volume and releases renin to regulate blood pressure.

A hormone that increases blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release.

Hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, affecting blood pressure and fluid balance.

Bradykinin and Substance P stimulate C afferents in airways, causing cough.

ACE inhibitors increase bradykinin, leading to cough and reduced blood pressure.

AT receptor antagonists have no effect on bradykinin metabolism, minimizing cough side effects.

Angiotensin II can be produced through pathways not involving ACE, affecting vasoconstriction.

Calcium channel blockers relax smooth muscle and reduce heart contractility by blocking calcium entry.

Increased bradykinin from ACE inhibitors can lead to cough and angioedema as a side effect.

ACE inhibition can lead to increased vascular permeability, contributing to edema.

Prevents nuclear translocation by binding to aldosterone receptors.

Suppress Na+ reabsorption through aldosterone blockade or Na+ channel inhibition.

K+ sparing diuretics complement loop and thiazide diuretics to avoid low potassium.

Stimulating α1/α2 receptors causes vascular smooth muscle contraction.

Blocked receptors lead to relaxation and dilation of blood vessels.

A calcium-binding protein that activates myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK).

Enzyme activated by calmodulin that phosphorylates myosin for contraction.

Hormone that regulates sodium and water excretion in kidneys.

Diuretics with similar action as thiazides but different structure.

The force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls, measured in mm Hg.

Competitive antagonists of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter, decreasing sodium reabsorption.

Inhibit Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle.

A loop diuretic primarily used for pulmonary edema in heart failure.

High affinity for the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter leads to potent diuresis.

Reabsorption of sodium in collecting ducts can lead to increased potassium loss.

Water does not automatically follow sodium; vasopressin is needed for permeability in distal nephron.

ACE inhibitors can lead to high potassium levels in the blood, causing potential heart issues.

Cough receptors are found in the larynx, trachea, and larger bronchi.

Drugs that reduce cardiac output and inhibit renin release, lowering blood pressure.

Stimulate heart function: increases inotropy, chronotropy, and dromotropy.

Increases slope of pacemaker potential, reducing time to threshold for heart rate increase.

Prevents noradrenaline from speeding heart rate; used for managing tachycardia.

Relax vascular smooth muscle, aiding in vasodilation and lowering peripheral resistance.

A non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist with α1 blocking properties for vasodilation.

Selective β1 antagonist that promotes vasodilation through nitric oxide synthesis.

Drugs like clonidine that lower blood pressure by acting on the central nervous system.

A mechanism where activation leads to reduced neurotransmitter release, creating a feedback loop.

Methyldopa converts into α-methylnoradrenaline, which lowers blood pressure by affecting CNS output.

The active metabolite of methyldopa, acting as an agonist primarily on α2 receptors.

Noradrenaline is replaced in vesicles by α-methylnoradrenaline, affecting release when stimulated.

Monoxidine binds to imidazoline I1 receptors, influencing norepinephrine release in the brain.

Cyclic AMP is a secondary messenger involved in transmitting signals inside cells.

Calcium channels allow Ca2+ influx, influencing neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction.

Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to lower heart rate and blood pressure.

Includes systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure.

Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme, affecting angiotensin levels.

Leads to higher blood volume, which raises blood pressure.

Blood pressure decreases from arteries to arterioles to capillaries, allowing time for exchange processes.

Capillary beds have the greatest cross-sectional area due to the vast number of capillaries compared to other vessels.

Increased heart rate, blood volume, stroke volume, blood viscosity, and peripheral resistance raise blood pressure.

Promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, affecting blood pressure and fluid balance.

Despite low venous pressure, blood is returned to the heart due to muscle contractions and valves.

Decreases NaCl, Mg2+, and Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys.

Diuretics that inhibit significant sodium reabsorption, allowing for greater fluid excretion.

Mechanism that creates hyperosmotic renal medulla for urine concentration.

Excess sodium reabsorption in distal tubules leads to increased potassium loss.

Channels that facilitate water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

A hypertonic medulla allows production of concentrated urine.

Site where loop diuretics act to inhibit sodium reabsorption.

Increased Na+ reabsorption leads to loss of K+ through competitive mechanisms.