40 Questions
Which of the following physiological variations increases blood pressure?
Muscular activity
What is the term for blood pressure that is too low?
Hypotension
According to the circadian rhythm, when are blood pressure readings typically highest?
Early morning and evenings
What is the effect of vasodilation on systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
Decreases SVR
Which of the following factors increases blood pressure?
Sex (male)
What is the term for normal blood pressure?
Normotension
Which of the following is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure?
Long-term hypertension
What is the result of an increase in blood volume?
Increase in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure
What is the purpose of an Electrocardiograph (ECG)?
To monitor the heart's electrical activity
What do P-waves on an ECG tracing represent?
Atrial depolarization
What is the normal order of events in the cardiac cycle?
P-wave, QRS, T-wave
What is the third heart sound (S3) caused by?
Passive filling of the left ventricle
What is the purpose of electrodes in an ECG?
To pick up the electrical activity from the heart
What is QRS complex on an ECG tracing?
Represents ventricular depolarization
What is the first heart sound (S1) caused by?
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
What is the T-wave on an ECG tracing?
Represents ventricular repolarization
What type of muscle cells make up the heart?
Cardiac myocytes
What initiates the contraction of cardiac myocytes?
Electrical impulses
Where do the electrical impulses that initiate cardiac contraction originate?
SA node cells
What is the primary ion responsible for depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?
Sodium
What is the primary ion responsible for repolarization in phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
Potassium
What is the term for the recording of electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse?
Electrocardiogram
What is the purpose of electrodes in electrocardiography?
To record electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse
What is the term for the phase of the cardiac action potential where the cell membrane potential returns to its resting level?
Phase 4
What is the significance of S4 in the heart cycle?
It is a sign of diastolic heart failure or active ischemia and is rarely a normal finding.
What is the main cause of abnormal heart murmurs?
Valve stenosis and septal defects
What is the normal direction of blood flow during valve stenosis?
Blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve
What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?
mm Hg
What is the phase of the heart cycle during which blood pressure increases?
Ventricular systole
What is the term for the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels or heart chambers?
Blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?
Blood glucose level
What is the location where blood pressure is usually measured?
Brachial artery
What is the average normal value of systolic blood pressure?
120 mmHg
What is the effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on blood pressure?
It increases heart rate and then increases blood pressure
What is the classification of blood pressure according to the WHO-ISH guidelines if systolic pressure is greater than 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is higher than 95 mmHg?
Pathological blood pressure (arterial hypertension)
What is the role of baro-receptors in controlling blood pressure?
They sense the changing in blood pressure
Which of the following factors would increase cardiac output and consequently increase blood pressure?
Increased heart rate
What is the effect of vasoconstriction on peripheral vascular resistance (SVR)?
It increases SVR
What is the average normal value of diastolic blood pressure?
80 mmHg
Which of the following factors would decrease blood pressure?
Increased elasticity of the large arteries
Study Notes
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood upon the walls of blood vessels or heart chambers
- Normal blood pressure is less than 130/85 mmHg (WHO-ISH guidelines)
- Pathological pressure (arterial hypertension) is when systolic pressure is > 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is > 95 mmHg
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
- Cardiac output: increases/decreases cardiac output elevates/decreases blood pressure
- Elasticity of large arteries: rigid arteries increase resistance to blood flow and blood pressure
- Viscosity of blood: more viscous blood demonstrates greater resistance to flow than less viscous blood
- Peripheral vascular resistance (SVR): vasoconstriction increases SVR, leading to increased blood pressure
Control of Blood Pressure
- Sympathetic nerves: stimulation increases heart rate and blood pressure
- Parasympathetic nerves: stimulation decreases heart rate and blood pressure
- Baro-receptors: sense changes in blood pressure
Cardiac Cycle
- P-wave: atrial depolarization, followed by atrial contraction
- QRS waves: electrical depolarization of ventricles, initiating ventricular contraction
- T-wave: repolarization of ventricles when ventricular muscle fibers relax
- Heart sounds: S1 and S2 are normal sounds, S3 and S4 may indicate heart failure or ischemia
- Heart murmurs: turbulent or abnormal blood flow across heart valves, can be harmless or indicative of abnormalities
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Records electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body
- P-wave, QRS, and T-waves represent atrial and ventricular activity
- Changes in waves and intervals diagnose cardiac abnormalities (arrhythmias)
This quiz covers the physiological factors that affect blood pressure, including vasodilation, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume, and other variables.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
