Physiology of Blood Pressure Regulation
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following physiological variations increases blood pressure?

  • Bleeding
  • Rest
  • Sleep
  • Muscular activity (correct)

What is the term for blood pressure that is too low?

  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Normotension
  • Hypotension (correct)
  • Hypertension

According to the circadian rhythm, when are blood pressure readings typically highest?

  • Afternoon
  • Early morning and evenings (correct)
  • Nighttime
  • Mid-morning

What is the effect of vasodilation on systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

<p>Decreases SVR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors increases blood pressure?

<p>Sex (male) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for normal blood pressure?

<p>Normotension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure?

<p>Long-term hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an increase in blood volume?

<p>Increase in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an Electrocardiograph (ECG)?

<p>To monitor the heart's electrical activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do P-waves on an ECG tracing represent?

<p>Atrial depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal order of events in the cardiac cycle?

<p>P-wave, QRS, T-wave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the third heart sound (S3) caused by?

<p>Passive filling of the left ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of electrodes in an ECG?

<p>To pick up the electrical activity from the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is QRS complex on an ECG tracing?

<p>Represents ventricular depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first heart sound (S1) caused by?

<p>Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the T-wave on an ECG tracing?

<p>Represents ventricular repolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle cells make up the heart?

<p>Cardiac myocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the contraction of cardiac myocytes?

<p>Electrical impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the electrical impulses that initiate cardiac contraction originate?

<p>SA node cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ion responsible for depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?

<p>Sodium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ion responsible for repolarization in phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?

<p>Potassium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the recording of electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse?

<p>Electrocardiogram (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of electrodes in electrocardiography?

<p>To record electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phase of the cardiac action potential where the cell membrane potential returns to its resting level?

<p>Phase 4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of S4 in the heart cycle?

<p>It is a sign of diastolic heart failure or active ischemia and is rarely a normal finding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of abnormal heart murmurs?

<p>Valve stenosis and septal defects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal direction of blood flow during valve stenosis?

<p>Blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?

<p>mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase of the heart cycle during which blood pressure increases?

<p>Ventricular systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels or heart chambers?

<p>Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?

<p>Blood glucose level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where blood pressure is usually measured?

<p>Brachial artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average normal value of systolic blood pressure?

<p>120 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on blood pressure?

<p>It increases heart rate and then increases blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of blood pressure according to the WHO-ISH guidelines if systolic pressure is greater than 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is higher than 95 mmHg?

<p>Pathological blood pressure (arterial hypertension) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of baro-receptors in controlling blood pressure?

<p>They sense the changing in blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would increase cardiac output and consequently increase blood pressure?

<p>Increased heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vasoconstriction on peripheral vascular resistance (SVR)?

<p>It increases SVR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average normal value of diastolic blood pressure?

<p>80 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would decrease blood pressure?

<p>Increased elasticity of the large arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What physiological variation increases blood pressure?

Muscular activity increases blood pressure.

What is hypotension?

Hypotension is a condition where blood pressure is lower than normal.

When are blood pressure readings highest?

Blood pressure readings are typically highest in the early morning and evenings due to the circadian rhythm.

What's the effect of vasodilation on SVR?

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which decreases systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

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What factor increases blood pressure?

Males tend to have higher blood pressure than females.

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What is normal blood pressure called?

Normotension is the term for normal blood pressure.

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What's a risk factor for many diseases?

Long-term hypertension is a risk factor for several diseases including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure.

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What's the result of increased blood volume?

Increased blood volume leads to an increase in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure.

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What's the purpose of an ECG?

An Electrocardiograph (ECG) is used to monitor the heart's electrical activity.

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What do P-waves on an ECG represent?

P-waves on an ECG tracing represent atrial depolarization, which is the electrical signal that triggers the heart's upper chambers to contract.

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What's the normal order of events in the cardiac cycle?

The normal order of events in the cardiac cycle is P-wave, QRS, T-wave.

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What causes the third heart sound (S3)?

The third heart sound (S3) is caused by passive filling of the left ventricle.

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What's the purpose of electrodes in an ECG?

Electrodes in an ECG are used to pick up electrical activity from the heart.

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What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

The QRS complex on an ECG tracing represents ventricular depolarization, which is the electrical signal that triggers the heart's lower chambers to contract.

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What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

The first heart sound (S1) is caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.

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What does the T-wave on an ECG represent?

The T-wave on an ECG tracing represents ventricular repolarization, which is the electrical signal that allows the heart's lower chambers to relax.

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What type of muscle cells are in the heart?

Cardiac myocytes are specialized muscle cells that make up the heart.

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What initiates contraction of cardiac myocytes?

Electrical impulses initiate the contraction of cardiac myocytes, causing the heart to beat.

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Where do electrical impulses originate?

SA node cells, located in the heart's right atrium, are responsible for generating the electrical impulses that initiate cardiac contraction.

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What ion is key for depolarization in phase 0?

Sodium ions (Na+) are primarily responsible for depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac action potential.

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What ion is key for repolarization in phase 3?

Potassium ions (K+) are primarily responsible for repolarization in phase 3 of the cardiac action potential.

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What is an electrocardiogram?

An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse.

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What's the purpose of electrodes in electrocardiography?

Electrodes in electrocardiography are used to record electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse.

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What happens in Phase 4 of the cardiac action potential?

Phase 4 of the cardiac action potential is the phase where the cell membrane potential returns to its resting level, preparing for the next cycle.

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What is S4 in the heart cycle?

S4 heart sound is a sign of diastolic heart failure or active ischemia and is rarely a normal finding.

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What causes abnormal heart murmurs?

Abnormal heart murmurs can be caused by valve stenosis and septal defects.

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What's the blood flow direction during valve stenosis?

During valve stenosis, blood flows rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve.

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What's the unit of measurement for blood pressure?

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

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When does blood pressure increase?

Ventricular systole is the phase of the heart cycle where blood pressure increases.

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What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels or heart chambers.

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Which is NOT a vital sign?

Blood glucose level is not a vital sign.

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Where is blood pressure usually measured?

Blood pressure is usually measured in the brachial artery.

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What's the average normal systolic blood pressure?

The average normal value of systolic blood pressure is 120 mmHg.

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How does sympathetic nerve stimulation affect blood pressure?

Sympathetic nerve stimulation increases heart rate, which consequently increases blood pressure.

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What's the blood pressure classification for systolic > 160 mmHg and/or diastolic > 95 mmHg?

Pathological blood pressure (arterial hypertension) is classified by the WHO-ISH guidelines as systolic pressure greater than 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure higher than 95 mmHg.

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What's the role of baro-receptors in blood pressure control?

Baro-receptors are sensory receptors that detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain to adjust blood pressure.

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What factor increases cardiac output and blood pressure?

Increased heart rate increases cardiac output, which consequently increases blood pressure.

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What's the effect of vasoconstriction on SVR?

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, which increases peripheral vascular resistance (SVR).

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What's the average normal diastolic blood pressure?

The average normal value of diastolic blood pressure is 80 mmHg.

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What factor decreases blood pressure?

Increased elasticity of the large arteries would decrease blood pressure.

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Study Notes

Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood upon the walls of blood vessels or heart chambers
  • Normal blood pressure is less than 130/85 mmHg (WHO-ISH guidelines)
  • Pathological pressure (arterial hypertension) is when systolic pressure is > 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is > 95 mmHg

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

  • Cardiac output: increases/decreases cardiac output elevates/decreases blood pressure
  • Elasticity of large arteries: rigid arteries increase resistance to blood flow and blood pressure
  • Viscosity of blood: more viscous blood demonstrates greater resistance to flow than less viscous blood
  • Peripheral vascular resistance (SVR): vasoconstriction increases SVR, leading to increased blood pressure

Control of Blood Pressure

  • Sympathetic nerves: stimulation increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • Parasympathetic nerves: stimulation decreases heart rate and blood pressure
  • Baro-receptors: sense changes in blood pressure

Cardiac Cycle

  • P-wave: atrial depolarization, followed by atrial contraction
  • QRS waves: electrical depolarization of ventricles, initiating ventricular contraction
  • T-wave: repolarization of ventricles when ventricular muscle fibers relax
  • Heart sounds: S1 and S2 are normal sounds, S3 and S4 may indicate heart failure or ischemia
  • Heart murmurs: turbulent or abnormal blood flow across heart valves, can be harmless or indicative of abnormalities

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

  • Records electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body
  • P-wave, QRS, and T-waves represent atrial and ventricular activity
  • Changes in waves and intervals diagnose cardiac abnormalities (arrhythmias)

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Description

This quiz covers the physiological factors that affect blood pressure, including vasodilation, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume, and other variables.

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