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Questions and Answers
Which of the following physiological variations increases blood pressure?
Which of the following physiological variations increases blood pressure?
What is the term for blood pressure that is too low?
What is the term for blood pressure that is too low?
According to the circadian rhythm, when are blood pressure readings typically highest?
According to the circadian rhythm, when are blood pressure readings typically highest?
What is the effect of vasodilation on systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the effect of vasodilation on systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
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Which of the following factors increases blood pressure?
Which of the following factors increases blood pressure?
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What is the term for normal blood pressure?
What is the term for normal blood pressure?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure?
Which of the following is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure?
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What is the result of an increase in blood volume?
What is the result of an increase in blood volume?
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What is the purpose of an Electrocardiograph (ECG)?
What is the purpose of an Electrocardiograph (ECG)?
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What do P-waves on an ECG tracing represent?
What do P-waves on an ECG tracing represent?
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What is the normal order of events in the cardiac cycle?
What is the normal order of events in the cardiac cycle?
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What is the third heart sound (S3) caused by?
What is the third heart sound (S3) caused by?
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What is the purpose of electrodes in an ECG?
What is the purpose of electrodes in an ECG?
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What is QRS complex on an ECG tracing?
What is QRS complex on an ECG tracing?
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What is the first heart sound (S1) caused by?
What is the first heart sound (S1) caused by?
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What is the T-wave on an ECG tracing?
What is the T-wave on an ECG tracing?
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What type of muscle cells make up the heart?
What type of muscle cells make up the heart?
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What initiates the contraction of cardiac myocytes?
What initiates the contraction of cardiac myocytes?
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Where do the electrical impulses that initiate cardiac contraction originate?
Where do the electrical impulses that initiate cardiac contraction originate?
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What is the primary ion responsible for depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?
What is the primary ion responsible for depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?
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What is the primary ion responsible for repolarization in phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
What is the primary ion responsible for repolarization in phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?
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What is the term for the recording of electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse?
What is the term for the recording of electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse?
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What is the purpose of electrodes in electrocardiography?
What is the purpose of electrodes in electrocardiography?
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What is the term for the phase of the cardiac action potential where the cell membrane potential returns to its resting level?
What is the term for the phase of the cardiac action potential where the cell membrane potential returns to its resting level?
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What is the significance of S4 in the heart cycle?
What is the significance of S4 in the heart cycle?
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What is the main cause of abnormal heart murmurs?
What is the main cause of abnormal heart murmurs?
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What is the normal direction of blood flow during valve stenosis?
What is the normal direction of blood flow during valve stenosis?
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What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?
What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?
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What is the phase of the heart cycle during which blood pressure increases?
What is the phase of the heart cycle during which blood pressure increases?
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What is the term for the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels or heart chambers?
What is the term for the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels or heart chambers?
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Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?
Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?
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What is the location where blood pressure is usually measured?
What is the location where blood pressure is usually measured?
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What is the average normal value of systolic blood pressure?
What is the average normal value of systolic blood pressure?
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What is the effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on blood pressure?
What is the effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on blood pressure?
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What is the classification of blood pressure according to the WHO-ISH guidelines if systolic pressure is greater than 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is higher than 95 mmHg?
What is the classification of blood pressure according to the WHO-ISH guidelines if systolic pressure is greater than 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is higher than 95 mmHg?
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What is the role of baro-receptors in controlling blood pressure?
What is the role of baro-receptors in controlling blood pressure?
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Which of the following factors would increase cardiac output and consequently increase blood pressure?
Which of the following factors would increase cardiac output and consequently increase blood pressure?
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What is the effect of vasoconstriction on peripheral vascular resistance (SVR)?
What is the effect of vasoconstriction on peripheral vascular resistance (SVR)?
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What is the average normal value of diastolic blood pressure?
What is the average normal value of diastolic blood pressure?
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Which of the following factors would decrease blood pressure?
Which of the following factors would decrease blood pressure?
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Study Notes
Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood upon the walls of blood vessels or heart chambers
- Normal blood pressure is less than 130/85 mmHg (WHO-ISH guidelines)
- Pathological pressure (arterial hypertension) is when systolic pressure is > 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is > 95 mmHg
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
- Cardiac output: increases/decreases cardiac output elevates/decreases blood pressure
- Elasticity of large arteries: rigid arteries increase resistance to blood flow and blood pressure
- Viscosity of blood: more viscous blood demonstrates greater resistance to flow than less viscous blood
- Peripheral vascular resistance (SVR): vasoconstriction increases SVR, leading to increased blood pressure
Control of Blood Pressure
- Sympathetic nerves: stimulation increases heart rate and blood pressure
- Parasympathetic nerves: stimulation decreases heart rate and blood pressure
- Baro-receptors: sense changes in blood pressure
Cardiac Cycle
- P-wave: atrial depolarization, followed by atrial contraction
- QRS waves: electrical depolarization of ventricles, initiating ventricular contraction
- T-wave: repolarization of ventricles when ventricular muscle fibers relax
- Heart sounds: S1 and S2 are normal sounds, S3 and S4 may indicate heart failure or ischemia
- Heart murmurs: turbulent or abnormal blood flow across heart valves, can be harmless or indicative of abnormalities
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Records electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body
- P-wave, QRS, and T-waves represent atrial and ventricular activity
- Changes in waves and intervals diagnose cardiac abnormalities (arrhythmias)
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Description
This quiz covers the physiological factors that affect blood pressure, including vasodilation, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume, and other variables.
