Physiology of Blood Pressure Regulation
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following physiological variations increases blood pressure?

  • Bleeding
  • Rest
  • Sleep
  • Muscular activity (correct)

    • What is the term for blood pressure that is too low?

  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Normotension
  • Hypotension (correct)
  • Hypertension

    • According to the circadian rhythm, when are blood pressure readings typically highest?

  • Afternoon
  • Early morning and evenings (correct)
  • Nighttime
  • Mid-morning

    • What is the effect of vasodilation on systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>Decreases SVR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases blood pressure?

    <p>Sex (male)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for normal blood pressure?

    <p>Normotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure?

    <p>Long-term hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an increase in blood volume?

    <p>Increase in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Electrocardiograph (ECG)?

    <p>To monitor the heart's electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do P-waves on an ECG tracing represent?

    <p>Atrial depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal order of events in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>P-wave, QRS, T-wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third heart sound (S3) caused by?

    <p>Passive filling of the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electrodes in an ECG?

    <p>To pick up the electrical activity from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is QRS complex on an ECG tracing?

    <p>Represents ventricular depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first heart sound (S1) caused by?

    <p>Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the T-wave on an ECG tracing?

    <p>Represents ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle cells make up the heart?

    <p>Cardiac myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the contraction of cardiac myocytes?

    <p>Electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the electrical impulses that initiate cardiac contraction originate?

    <p>SA node cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ion responsible for depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ion responsible for repolarization in phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the recording of electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse?

    <p>Electrocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of electrodes in electrocardiography?

    <p>To record electrical potentials generated by the cardiac impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase of the cardiac action potential where the cell membrane potential returns to its resting level?

    <p>Phase 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of S4 in the heart cycle?

    <p>It is a sign of diastolic heart failure or active ischemia and is rarely a normal finding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of abnormal heart murmurs?

    <p>Valve stenosis and septal defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal direction of blood flow during valve stenosis?

    <p>Blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?

    <p>mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of the heart cycle during which blood pressure increases?

    <p>Ventricular systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels or heart chambers?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?

    <p>Blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where blood pressure is usually measured?

    <p>Brachial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average normal value of systolic blood pressure?

    <p>120 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases heart rate and then increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of blood pressure according to the WHO-ISH guidelines if systolic pressure is greater than 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is higher than 95 mmHg?

    <p>Pathological blood pressure (arterial hypertension)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of baro-receptors in controlling blood pressure?

    <p>They sense the changing in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would increase cardiac output and consequently increase blood pressure?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vasoconstriction on peripheral vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>It increases SVR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average normal value of diastolic blood pressure?

    <p>80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would decrease blood pressure?

    <p>Increased elasticity of the large arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood upon the walls of blood vessels or heart chambers
    • Normal blood pressure is less than 130/85 mmHg (WHO-ISH guidelines)
    • Pathological pressure (arterial hypertension) is when systolic pressure is > 160 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is > 95 mmHg

    Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

    • Cardiac output: increases/decreases cardiac output elevates/decreases blood pressure
    • Elasticity of large arteries: rigid arteries increase resistance to blood flow and blood pressure
    • Viscosity of blood: more viscous blood demonstrates greater resistance to flow than less viscous blood
    • Peripheral vascular resistance (SVR): vasoconstriction increases SVR, leading to increased blood pressure

    Control of Blood Pressure

    • Sympathetic nerves: stimulation increases heart rate and blood pressure
    • Parasympathetic nerves: stimulation decreases heart rate and blood pressure
    • Baro-receptors: sense changes in blood pressure

    Cardiac Cycle

    • P-wave: atrial depolarization, followed by atrial contraction
    • QRS waves: electrical depolarization of ventricles, initiating ventricular contraction
    • T-wave: repolarization of ventricles when ventricular muscle fibers relax
    • Heart sounds: S1 and S2 are normal sounds, S3 and S4 may indicate heart failure or ischemia
    • Heart murmurs: turbulent or abnormal blood flow across heart valves, can be harmless or indicative of abnormalities

    Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    • Records electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body
    • P-wave, QRS, and T-waves represent atrial and ventricular activity
    • Changes in waves and intervals diagnose cardiac abnormalities (arrhythmias)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the physiological factors that affect blood pressure, including vasodilation, systemic vascular resistance, blood volume, and other variables.

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