Regulation of BP

The force exerted by blood on vessel walls during ventricular contraction.

The force exerted by blood on vessel walls during ventricular relaxation.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

The average pressure in the arteries over a full cardiac cycle.

The total resistance to blood flow offered by all systemic vasculature.

High blood pressure, typically above 140/90 mmHg.

Low blood pressure, typically below 90/60 mmHg.

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels. In clinical settings, it typically refers to the pressure in arteries.

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.

The rate at which blood flows through a particular part of the circulatory system, measured in milliliters per minute.

The opposition to blood flow through the blood vessels. It's like friction in the system.

The amount of blood returning to the heart.

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat.

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume. It acts as a vasoconstrictor at high concentrations, hence its alternative name, vasopressin.

A hormone released by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels. It stimulates red blood cell production, increasing blood volume and viscosity, ultimately boosting oxygen carrying capacity.

A hormone produced by the heart (right atrium) in response to high blood pressure and volume. It reduces blood pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion through the kidneys.

A hormone similar to ANF, produced by the heart's ventricles in response to high blood pressure and volume. It lowers blood pressure in a similar way to ANF, reducing the strain on the heart.

A group of hormones secreted in response to low blood pressure and volume. They act to increase blood pressure by promoting water and sodium retention in the body.

The opposition to blood flow in the systemic circulation, largely determined by the diameter of blood vessels. Vasoconstriction increases SVR, leading to higher blood pressure, while vasodilation decreases SVR, lowering blood pressure.

The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its own blood flow to match its metabolic demands.

A principle stating that resistance to fluid flow through a tube (like a blood vessel) is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius. This means a small decrease in radius leads to a large increase in resistance.

Local factors that influence blood flow in capillaries, acting independently of the nervous and endocrine systems.

The thickness of blood, primarily determined by the ratio of red blood cells to plasma volume. A higher viscosity means increased resistance to blood flow. Examples include dehydration and polycythemia.

Neural and endocrine mechanisms that regulate blood pressure and blood flow.

The average pressure in the arteries over a full cardiac cycle. It's calculated as Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (Pulse Pressure).

A local mechanism that causes blood vessels to constrict in response to increased blood pressure and dilate in response to reduced blood pressure.

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It reflects the force of ventricular contraction and the elasticity of the arteries.

The flow of blood in a straight line, where layers slide smoothly past each other without turbulence. It's ideal for efficient blood flow.

Factors that increase local blood flow, such as low O2 or high CO2.

The flow of blood in a chaotic, swirling pattern that creates resistance and increases the risk of blood clots. It's often caused by obstructions or irregularities in the vessel.

Factors that restrict local blood flow, like high O2 or low CO2.

The pattern of blood flow within capillary beds, ensuring adequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste.

An equation that describes the relationship between cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance. It shows that blood flow (CO) is directly proportional to MAP and inversely proportional to TPR.

The coordinated control of cardiovascular function to ensure appropriate blood flow at the right time and in the right area, without drastically altering blood pressure.

A reflex that helps maintain blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch sense changes in blood pressure and send signals to the cardiovascular center in the brainstem. The cardiovascular center then adjusts heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain a stable blood pressure.

A mechanism that regulates blood pressure by detecting changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels. Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies send signals to the cardiovascular center, influencing heart rate, vasoconstriction, and breathing rate.

A hormone released from the adrenal glands that promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. This increases blood volume and helps regulate blood pressure.