Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
What is the normal range for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
If a patient has a BP of 70/50 mmHg, what is their MAP and is organ perfusion adequate?
If a patient has a BP of 70/50 mmHg, what is their MAP and is organ perfusion adequate?
What does the Cardiac Index (CI) measure?
What does the Cardiac Index (CI) measure?
If a patient has a cardiac output (QT) of 8.5 L/min and a body surface area (BSA) of 3 m², what is their Cardiac Index (CI)?
If a patient has a cardiac output (QT) of 8.5 L/min and a body surface area (BSA) of 3 m², what is their Cardiac Index (CI)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered an adequate cardiac output (QT) at rest?
What is considered an adequate cardiac output (QT) at rest?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart rate?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart rate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term describes the volume of blood returning to the right atrium each minute?
Which term describes the volume of blood returning to the right atrium each minute?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens during diastole?
What happens during diastole?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors can lead to an increased heart rate?
Which of the following factors can lead to an increased heart rate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered a normal ejection fraction range?
What is considered a normal ejection fraction range?
Signup and view all the answers
What does preload refer to in the context of heart function?
What does preload refer to in the context of heart function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system is responsible for pupil constriction?
Which system is responsible for pupil constriction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is pulse pressure?
What is pulse pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- Normal range is 70-105 mmHg
- Less than 60 mmHg indicates inadequate organ perfusion
- Calculation: MAP = (2 x Diastolic Blood Pressure) + Systolic Blood Pressure / 3
Cardiac Index (CI)
- Measurement assessing the adequacy of cardiac output relative to the patient's size
- Normal range is 2.5-4.0 L/min/m²
- Calculation: CI = Cardiac Output (QT) / Body Surface Area (BSA)
- Higher CI values are needed for larger patients
Cardiac Output (QT)
- Represents the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute
- Calculation: QT = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
- Normal range: 4-8 L/min at rest
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Releases norepinephrine (NE)
- Increases heart rate and electrical impulses
- Affects all areas of the heart
- Converts glycogen to glucose
- Causes pupil dilation and fight-or-flight response
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Releases acetylcholine (ACH)
- Reduces electrical impulses
- Decreases heart rate
- Affects the AV nodes
- Causes pupil constriction
- Associated with "rest-and-digest" functions (e.g., salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, bronchospasm, bradycardia)
Systolic vs. Diastolic
- Systole: top number of blood pressure (BP)
- Normal range is 90-120 mmHg
- Semilunar valves open, AV valves close
- Ventricles contract
- Diastole: bottom number of blood pressure (BP)
- Normal range is 60-90 mmHg
- Semilunar valves close, AV valves open
- Ventricles relax
Venous System
- Crucial for returning blood to the heart
- Acts as a reservoir for blood
- Approximately 60% of total blood volume is contained in venous system at any given time
- Venous return should equal cardiac output (QT)
Ejection Fraction (EF)
- The percentage of blood ejected from the ventricles with each heartbeat
- Normal range is 65-70%
- Below 50% indicates reduced cardiac function and can limit exercise tolerance
Preload, Afterload, Contractility
- Preload: Ventricular stretch before contraction; affected by filling, compliance, venous return, and end-diastolic volume
- Afterload: Resistance to ventricular emptying; affected by peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), ventricular wall tension, and viscosity/volume of blood
- Contractility: Strength of ventricular contraction; influences cardiac output
Pulse Pressure
- Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
- Normal range is 30-40 mmHg
- Low pulse pressure may indicate low stroke volume
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
- Measures pressure in the right atrium
- Normal range is 2-6 mmHg; higher CVP suggests fluid overload
Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV)
- Method of mechanical ventilation that increases pressure in the lungs
- Augments preload and cardiac output; can also lead to hazards like increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP)
- Measurement of pressure in the Left atrium
- Normal range is 5–10 mm Hg
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts of cardiovascular physiology, including Mean Arterial Pressure, Cardiac Index, and Cardiac Output. This quiz covers normal ranges, calculations, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Perfect for students and healthcare professionals alike!
