Cardiovascular Health & Sodium Intake Quiz

High sodium intake triggers the kidneys to retain water, increasing blood volume and leading to hypertension.

Potassium helps maintain normal blood pressure and supports muscle contraction, balancing sodium levels in the body.

High sodium levels lead to increased blood volume and pressure, which cause strain on the heart, triggering left ventricular hypertrophy.

<p>RAAS is triggered by increased pressure in the cardiovascular system and causes vasoconstriction and fluid retention, raising blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High sodium intake increases blood pressure and contributes to vascular remodeling, thereby increasing the risk of stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid balance, influenced by sodium intake, affects blood volume, which is a direct contributor to blood pressure levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic high sodium consumption leads to increased blood volume, hypertension, and can cause structural changes like left ventricular hypertrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary exchange mechanisms refer to the processes by which nutrients, gases, and waste products are exchanged between blood and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SA node generates impulses that initiate heartbeats, acting as the natural pacemaker of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke volume is calculated as SV = EDV - ESV, representing the blood ejected from a ventricle with each heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main phases of the cardiac cycle are systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The smooth muscle contracts or relaxes to change the diameter of blood vessels, affecting total peripheral resistance and thus blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Frank-Starling law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to increased venous return, due to increased muscle stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potentials in cardiac muscle are generated through unstable resting potentials and depolarization primarily due to calcium influx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The AV node delays the impulse from the atria before it passes to the ventricles, allowing for coordinated contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adverse factors include decreased preload, increased afterload, acidosis, and calcium channel blockers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute, calculated as CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic system decreases it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dicrotic notch represents a brief rise in aortic pressure due to the backflow of blood rebounding off the closed semilunar valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary exchange refers to the process of nutrients, gases, and waste products moving between blood and tissues across capillary walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preload affects cardiac output by determining the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before contraction, thus influencing stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure is regulated through cardiac output, vascular resistance, and blood volume, with contributions from neural and hormonal control mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The simple 'tube heart' develops in the embryo and starts pumping by the fourth week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal circulation allows the fetus to receive oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood while bypassing the non-functioning lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries have thicker walls made of smooth muscle, while veins have larger lumens and thinner walls with valves to prevent backflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries are the exchange vessels where oxygen and nutrients leave the blood and carbon dioxide and waste products enter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system can increase blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After birth, the foramen ovale closes, and the ductus arteriosus constricts, redirecting blood flow through the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke volume is primarily regulated by the heart's contractility and by Starling's law, which states that increased stretch leads to stronger contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary exchange refers to the movement of substances across capillary walls, primarily through diffusion based on concentration gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure decreases as distance from the heart increases, with a normal range of 140-110 mm Hg systolic and 80-75 mm Hg diastolic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Veins rely on the milking action of skeletal muscles and the presence of valves to prevent backflow of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic blood pressure is the pressure during ventricular contraction, while diastolic blood pressure is the pressure when the ventricles relax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fenestrated capillaries have pores that allow for increased permeability and are commonly found in areas requiring extensive exchange, like the kidneys and intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise increases heart rate and, consequently, cardiac output to meet the heightened oxygen and nutrient demands of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillaries have one-cell-thick walls to facilitate efficient diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers