Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following determines the resistance to left ventricular ejection?

  • Inotropy
  • Preload
  • Cardiac output
  • Afterload (correct)

    • What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

  • CO = HR - SV
  • CO = HR / SV
  • CO = HR x SV (correct)
  • CO = HR + SV

    • Which component of the sarcomere forms a crossbridge with myosin?

  • Tropomyosin
  • Actin (correct)
  • Troponin Complex
  • Myosin

    • What is the role of Tn-I in acto-myosin formation?

    <p>Inhibits acto-myosin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

    <p>Wave of depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the powerstroke of the sarcomere?

    <p>ADP and P dissociate from myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>SV = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein maintains the resting membrane potential (RMP) and Na+ and K+ gradients in the sarcolemma?

    <p>Na+/K+ ATPase (Na+ Pump)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intracellular concentration of Na+?

    <p>15 mM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intracellular concentration of K+?

    <p>150 mM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the bidirectional exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ ions?

    <p>Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)?

    <p>Concentration gradient of Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein favors Ca2+ extrusion by directly pumping Ca2+ out of the cell?

    <p>Ca2+ pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein indirectly favors Ca2+ extrusion by pumping Na+ out of the cell?

    <p>Na+/K+ ATPase (Na+ Pump)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inotropic effect?

    <p>force of myocardial contration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chronotropic effect?

    <p>rate of myocardial contration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to myocardial relaxation?

    <p>Lusitropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of contractile dysfunction at the level of the cardiomyocyte?

    <p>Decreased PLB phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of contractile dysfunction in a failing myocardium?

    <p>Decreased Tn-I phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the bidirectional exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ ions?

    <p>NCX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of beta-adrenoceptor signaling in a failing myocardium?

    <p>Decreased adenylyl cyclase-cAMP signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)?

    <p>Na+ concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

    <p>Altered regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to myocardial relaxation?

    <p>Diastolic relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein maintains the resting membrane potential (RMP) and Na+ and K+ gradients in the sarcolemma?

    <p>Na+/K+ ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the powerstroke of the sarcomere?

    <p>Actin-myosin cross-linking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for pumping Ca2+ from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

    <p>SERCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phospholamban (PLB)?

    <p>To inhibit the activity of SERCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does PKA-mediated phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) have on SERCA activity?

    <p>It increases SERCA activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on cardiac output?

    <p>It increases cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = HR x SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of heart failure (HF)?

    <p>Inability to pump blood adequately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the compensatory physiological responses in heart failure (HF)?

    <p>Increase in sympathetic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>It increases stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on heart rate (HR)?

    <p>It increases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PKA-induced phosphorylation of TnI?

    <p>It increases the affinity between TnI and TnC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug works by increasing intracellular Ca2+ and has a long-term use for treating heart failure?

    <p>Digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug works by increasing cAMP and has a short-term use for treating heart failure and is a beta-AR agonist?

    <p>Dobutamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug works by increasing cAMP and has a short-term use for treating heart failure and is a PDE3 inhibitor?

    <p>Milrinone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug works by increasing TnC sensitivity to Ca2+ and has a short-term use for treating heart failure?

    <p>Levosimendan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action of digoxin?

    <p>Inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic range of serum levels for digoxin?

    <p>1-2 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential toxicity of digoxin?

    <p>Low therapeutic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of digoxin in the cardiac system?

    <p>Prolong refractory period and decreased conduction velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increased intracellular [Ca2+] caused by digoxin use lead to?

    <p>Increased automaticity through ventricular conducting system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of action of Beta-AR Agonists (Catecholamines)?

    <p>Stimulate b1AR-mediated cAMP generation and subsequent PKA activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with long-term treatment with positive inotropes that increase cAMP in HF patients?

    <p>Increased mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Beta-AR Agonists (Catecholamines) on cardiac function?

    <p>Positive inotropic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme do Milrinone and amrinone inhibit?

    <p>Phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical use of Milrinone and amrinone?

    <p>Short-term treatment of heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of using Milrinone and amrinone?

    <p>Positive inotropic effect and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Ca2+-sensitizing agents like Levosimendan?

    <p>Stabilizes Ca2+-bound conformation of TnC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Ca2+-sensitizing agents on peripheral circulation?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased Ca2+-TnC stability affect acto-myosin crossbridge?

    <p>Prolongs acto-myosin crossbridge, increases force of Contration without a change in Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary treatment strategy for heart failure (HF)?

    <p>Modulating the action of neurohormonal effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of chronic HF treatment?

    <p>Modulating the action of neurohormonal effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of enhanced neurohormone activation during the progression of HF?

    <p>Increased wall thickness and chamber dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of ACE inhibition/ARBs on vasoconstriction?

    <p>Decreased vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors in relation to bradykinin?

    <p>Angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with renal artery stenosis?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on renal sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Decreased renal Na+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy?

    <p>Decreased VSMC hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on bradykinin breakdown?

    <p>Decreased bradykinin breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor do beta-blockers block to decrease inotropy and chronotropy in heart failure?

    <p>Beta-1 adrenergic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of using beta-blockers in heart failure?

    <p>Decreased myocardial oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect associated with abrupt discontinuation of beta-blockers after chronic use?

    <p>Increased risk of cardiac ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of beta-blockers?

    <p>Bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

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