Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following determines the resistance to left ventricular ejection?
Which of the following determines the resistance to left ventricular ejection?
- Inotropy
- Preload
- Cardiac output
- Afterload (correct)
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
- CO = HR - SV
- CO = HR / SV
- CO = HR x SV (correct)
- CO = HR + SV
Which component of the sarcomere forms a crossbridge with myosin?
Which component of the sarcomere forms a crossbridge with myosin?
- Tropomyosin
- Actin (correct)
- Troponin Complex
- Myosin
What is the role of Tn-I in acto-myosin formation?
What is the role of Tn-I in acto-myosin formation?
What triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
What triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
What happens during the powerstroke of the sarcomere?
What happens during the powerstroke of the sarcomere?
What is the formula for stroke volume (SV)?
What is the formula for stroke volume (SV)?
Which protein maintains the resting membrane potential (RMP) and Na+ and K+ gradients in the sarcolemma?
Which protein maintains the resting membrane potential (RMP) and Na+ and K+ gradients in the sarcolemma?
What is the intracellular concentration of Na+?
What is the intracellular concentration of Na+?
What is the intracellular concentration of K+?
What is the intracellular concentration of K+?
Which protein is responsible for the bidirectional exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ ions?
Which protein is responsible for the bidirectional exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ ions?
What is the driving force for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)?
What is the driving force for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)?
Which protein favors Ca2+ extrusion by directly pumping Ca2+ out of the cell?
Which protein favors Ca2+ extrusion by directly pumping Ca2+ out of the cell?
Which protein indirectly favors Ca2+ extrusion by pumping Na+ out of the cell?
Which protein indirectly favors Ca2+ extrusion by pumping Na+ out of the cell?
What is inotropic effect?
What is inotropic effect?
What is chronotropic effect?
What is chronotropic effect?
Which of the following terms refers to myocardial relaxation?
Which of the following terms refers to myocardial relaxation?
Which of the following is a mechanism of contractile dysfunction at the level of the cardiomyocyte?
Which of the following is a mechanism of contractile dysfunction at the level of the cardiomyocyte?
What is a characteristic of contractile dysfunction in a failing myocardium?
What is a characteristic of contractile dysfunction in a failing myocardium?
Which protein is responsible for the bidirectional exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ ions?
Which protein is responsible for the bidirectional exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ ions?
What is the role of beta-adrenoceptor signaling in a failing myocardium?
What is the role of beta-adrenoceptor signaling in a failing myocardium?
What is the driving force for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)?
What is the driving force for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX)?
What triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
What triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
Which of the following terms refers to myocardial relaxation?
Which of the following terms refers to myocardial relaxation?
Which protein maintains the resting membrane potential (RMP) and Na+ and K+ gradients in the sarcolemma?
Which protein maintains the resting membrane potential (RMP) and Na+ and K+ gradients in the sarcolemma?
What happens during the powerstroke of the sarcomere?
What happens during the powerstroke of the sarcomere?
Which protein is responsible for pumping Ca2+ from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
Which protein is responsible for pumping Ca2+ from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
What is the role of phospholamban (PLB)?
What is the role of phospholamban (PLB)?
What effect does PKA-mediated phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) have on SERCA activity?
What effect does PKA-mediated phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) have on SERCA activity?
What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on cardiac output?
What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
What is the main cause of heart failure (HF)?
What is the main cause of heart failure (HF)?
What are the compensatory physiological responses in heart failure (HF)?
What are the compensatory physiological responses in heart failure (HF)?
What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on stroke volume (SV)?
What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on stroke volume (SV)?
What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on heart rate (HR)?
What effect does b1 adrenoceptor (b1AR) activation have on heart rate (HR)?
What is the effect of PKA-induced phosphorylation of TnI?
What is the effect of PKA-induced phosphorylation of TnI?
Which drug works by increasing intracellular Ca2+ and has a long-term use for treating heart failure?
Which drug works by increasing intracellular Ca2+ and has a long-term use for treating heart failure?
Which drug works by increasing cAMP and has a short-term use for treating heart failure and is a beta-AR agonist?
Which drug works by increasing cAMP and has a short-term use for treating heart failure and is a beta-AR agonist?
Which drug works by increasing cAMP and has a short-term use for treating heart failure and is a PDE3 inhibitor?
Which drug works by increasing cAMP and has a short-term use for treating heart failure and is a PDE3 inhibitor?
Which drug works by increasing TnC sensitivity to Ca2+ and has a short-term use for treating heart failure?
Which drug works by increasing TnC sensitivity to Ca2+ and has a short-term use for treating heart failure?
What is the main mechanism of action of digoxin?
What is the main mechanism of action of digoxin?
What is the therapeutic range of serum levels for digoxin?
What is the therapeutic range of serum levels for digoxin?
What is the potential toxicity of digoxin?
What is the potential toxicity of digoxin?
What is the function of digoxin in the cardiac system?
What is the function of digoxin in the cardiac system?
What can increased intracellular [Ca2+] caused by digoxin use lead to?
What can increased intracellular [Ca2+] caused by digoxin use lead to?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action of Beta-AR Agonists (Catecholamines)?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action of Beta-AR Agonists (Catecholamines)?
Which of the following is associated with long-term treatment with positive inotropes that increase cAMP in HF patients?
Which of the following is associated with long-term treatment with positive inotropes that increase cAMP in HF patients?
What is the primary effect of Beta-AR Agonists (Catecholamines) on cardiac function?
What is the primary effect of Beta-AR Agonists (Catecholamines) on cardiac function?
Which enzyme do Milrinone and amrinone inhibit?
Which enzyme do Milrinone and amrinone inhibit?
What is the clinical use of Milrinone and amrinone?
What is the clinical use of Milrinone and amrinone?
What is the outcome of using Milrinone and amrinone?
What is the outcome of using Milrinone and amrinone?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Ca2+-sensitizing agents like Levosimendan?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of Ca2+-sensitizing agents like Levosimendan?
What is the effect of Ca2+-sensitizing agents on peripheral circulation?
What is the effect of Ca2+-sensitizing agents on peripheral circulation?
How does increased Ca2+-TnC stability affect acto-myosin crossbridge?
How does increased Ca2+-TnC stability affect acto-myosin crossbridge?
Which of the following is the primary treatment strategy for heart failure (HF)?
Which of the following is the primary treatment strategy for heart failure (HF)?
What is the main aim of chronic HF treatment?
What is the main aim of chronic HF treatment?
Which of the following is an effect of enhanced neurohormone activation during the progression of HF?
Which of the following is an effect of enhanced neurohormone activation during the progression of HF?
Which enzyme is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?
Which enzyme is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?
What is the impact of ACE inhibition/ARBs on vasoconstriction?
What is the impact of ACE inhibition/ARBs on vasoconstriction?
What is the adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors in relation to bradykinin?
What is the adverse effect associated with ACE inhibitors in relation to bradykinin?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with renal artery stenosis?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of ACE inhibitors in patients with renal artery stenosis?
What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on renal sodium reabsorption?
What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on renal sodium reabsorption?
What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy?
What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy?
What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on bradykinin breakdown?
What is the impact of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on bradykinin breakdown?
Which receptor do beta-blockers block to decrease inotropy and chronotropy in heart failure?
Which receptor do beta-blockers block to decrease inotropy and chronotropy in heart failure?
What is the main outcome of using beta-blockers in heart failure?
What is the main outcome of using beta-blockers in heart failure?
What is the adverse effect associated with abrupt discontinuation of beta-blockers after chronic use?
What is the adverse effect associated with abrupt discontinuation of beta-blockers after chronic use?
Which of the following is an adverse effect of beta-blockers?
Which of the following is an adverse effect of beta-blockers?
