Second messengers Quiz

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Which receptor is responsible for calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells?

Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) (correct)

L-type calcium channel

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)

Inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)

What is the regulatory role of calsequestrin (CSQ) in cardiac cells?

Removing cytosolic calcium via the SERCA2

Promoting calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Inhibiting calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (correct)

Regulating muscle contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells

Which regulatory molecule plays a role in regulating cytosolic calcium levels in cardiac cells?

Glutamate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Protein kinase A (PKA) (correct)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Where are adrenergic receptors found?

In vascular smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which G-protein is activated by α1-adrenergic receptors?

Gq Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PKA in cardiomyocytes?

Increases Ca2+ influx Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for the release of calcium during cardiac muscle contraction?

RyR2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of PKP2 in cardiomyocytes?

Link desmosomes and intermediate filaments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

Palpitations and syncope Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle?

Stores and releases calcium during contraction and relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is responsible for vasoconstriction mediated by Gq protein activation?

Phospholipase C (PLC) Pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

Nitric Oxide (NO) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) relaxation by inhibiting myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)?

Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Contraction Dyad in cardiac muscle?

Plasma membrane of the T-tubule Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the L-Type Ca2+ channel (DHPR) in cardiac muscle contraction?

It activates the Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Ryanodine receptor is activated by a tugging motion from the Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in skeletal muscle?

RyR1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Calsequestrin 2 (CSQ2) in cardiac muscle?

It buffers cytosolic Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Where are β-AR receptors found?

In cardiac muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of α1-AR receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells?

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

Which G-protein is activated by β1-AR receptors in the heart?

Gαs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PKA in cardiomyocytes?

Regulates calcium cycling Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for the activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in smooth muscle cells?

Calmodulin (CaM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of endothelial factors in vascular smooth muscle cells?

Relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasoconstriction by activating protein kinase C (PKC) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

DAG Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells?

NO Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule stimulates the release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and prostacyclin (PGI2) from endothelial cells, leading to vasodilation?

ADP Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule activates guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), leading to vasodilation?

NO Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway stimulates vasoconstriction by increasing intracellular calcium levels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

Phospholipase C (PLC) pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule inhibits calcium channel and activates myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), promoting relaxation?

PKG Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for the removal of cytosolic calcium in cardiomyocytes?

Phospholamban (PLB) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in regulating cytosolic calcium levels in cardiomyocytes?

Activates phospholamban (PLB) Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling mechanism is associated with vasoconstriction in the cardiovascular system?

Gq protein activation Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory molecule plays a role in calcium-induced-calcium-signaling in cardiomyocytes?

Calmodulin (CaM) Signup and view all the answers

How does calcium release occur in cardiac cells?

Via the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between muscle contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells and skeletal muscle?

Vascular smooth muscle cells have a slower contraction and relaxation time compared to skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects heart rate and muscle contraction?

L-Type Ca2+ channels (DHPR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX) in cardiac muscle?

Removes majority of cytosolic Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) in cardiac muscle?

Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) in cardiac muscle?

Removes majority of cytosolic Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a regulatory molecule that inhibits SERCA2 in cardiac cells?

Phospholamban (PLB) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Type 2 (SERCA2) in cardiac muscle?

Removes majority of cytosolic Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for transmitting forces across the sarcolemma in cardiomyocytes?

Plakophilin-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical presentation of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

Arrhythmias and sudden death Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle?

Releasing calcium during contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for the release of calcium during cardiac muscle contraction?

Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the L-Type Ca2+ channel (DHPR) in cardiac muscle contraction?

Triggering calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

Nitric Oxide (NO) Signup and view all the answers

Second messengers Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which receptor is responsible for calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells?

What is the regulatory role of calsequestrin (CSQ) in cardiac cells?

Which regulatory molecule plays a role in regulating cytosolic calcium levels in cardiac cells?

Where are adrenergic receptors found?

What is the function of β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart?

Which G-protein is activated by α1-adrenergic receptors?

What is the role of PKA in cardiomyocytes?

Which molecule is responsible for the release of calcium during cardiac muscle contraction?

What is the function of PKP2 in cardiomyocytes?

Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

What is the role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle?

Which pathway is responsible for vasoconstriction mediated by Gq protein activation?

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

Which pathway stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) relaxation by inhibiting myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)?

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Contraction Dyad in cardiac muscle?

What is the role of the L-Type Ca2+ channel (DHPR) in cardiac muscle contraction?

Which type of Ryanodine receptor is activated by a tugging motion from the Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in skeletal muscle?

What is the function of Calsequestrin 2 (CSQ2) in cardiac muscle?

Where are β-AR receptors found?

What is the function of α1-AR receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells?

Which G-protein is activated by β1-AR receptors in the heart?

What is the role of PKA in cardiomyocytes?

Which molecule is responsible for the activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in smooth muscle cells?

What is the function of endothelial factors in vascular smooth muscle cells?

Which molecule is responsible for vasoconstriction by activating protein kinase C (PKC) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells?

Which molecule stimulates the release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and prostacyclin (PGI2) from endothelial cells, leading to vasodilation?

Which molecule activates guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), leading to vasodilation?

Which pathway stimulates vasoconstriction by increasing intracellular calcium levels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

Which molecule inhibits calcium channel and activates myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), promoting relaxation?

Which molecule is responsible for the removal of cytosolic calcium in cardiomyocytes?

What is the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in regulating cytosolic calcium levels in cardiomyocytes?

Which signaling mechanism is associated with vasoconstriction in the cardiovascular system?

Which regulatory molecule plays a role in calcium-induced-calcium-signaling in cardiomyocytes?

How does calcium release occur in cardiac cells?

What is the difference between muscle contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells and skeletal muscle?

Which of the following factors affects heart rate and muscle contraction?

What is the function of the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX) in cardiac muscle?

Which of the following is responsible for calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) in cardiac muscle?

What is the role of the Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) in cardiac muscle?

Which of the following is a regulatory molecule that inhibits SERCA2 in cardiac cells?

What is the function of the Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Type 2 (SERCA2) in cardiac muscle?

Which protein is responsible for transmitting forces across the sarcolemma in cardiomyocytes?

What is the clinical presentation of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

What is the main function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle?

Which type of receptor is responsible for the release of calcium during cardiac muscle contraction?

What is the role of the L-Type Ca2+ channel (DHPR) in cardiac muscle contraction?

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

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