Second messengers Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which receptor is responsible for calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells?

  • Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) (correct)
  • L-type calcium channel
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)
  • Inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)

What is the regulatory role of calsequestrin (CSQ) in cardiac cells?

  • Removing cytosolic calcium via the SERCA2
  • Promoting calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Inhibiting calcium release by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (correct)
  • Regulating muscle contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells

Which regulatory molecule plays a role in regulating cytosolic calcium levels in cardiac cells?

  • Glutamate
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • Protein kinase A (PKA) (correct)
  • Nitric oxide (NO)

Where are adrenergic receptors found?

<p>In vascular smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart?

<p>Increased heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which G-protein is activated by α1-adrenergic receptors?

<p>Gq (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PKA in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Increases Ca2+ influx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for the release of calcium during cardiac muscle contraction?

<p>RyR2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of PKP2 in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Link desmosomes and intermediate filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

<p>Palpitations and syncope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle?

<p>Stores and releases calcium during contraction and relaxation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is responsible for vasoconstriction mediated by Gq protein activation?

<p>Phospholipase C (PLC) Pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

<p>Nitric Oxide (NO) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) relaxation by inhibiting myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)?

<p>Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Contraction Dyad in cardiac muscle?

<p>Plasma membrane of the T-tubule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the L-Type Ca2+ channel (DHPR) in cardiac muscle contraction?

<p>It activates the Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Ryanodine receptor is activated by a tugging motion from the Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) in skeletal muscle?

<p>RyR1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Calsequestrin 2 (CSQ2) in cardiac muscle?

<p>It buffers cytosolic Ca2+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are β-AR receptors found?

<p>In cardiac muscle cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of α1-AR receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells?

<p>Vasoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which G-protein is activated by β1-AR receptors in the heart?

<p>Gαs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PKA in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Regulates calcium cycling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for the activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in smooth muscle cells?

<p>Calmodulin (CaM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of endothelial factors in vascular smooth muscle cells?

<p>Relaxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasoconstriction by activating protein kinase C (PKC) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

<p>DAG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells?

<p>NO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule stimulates the release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and prostacyclin (PGI2) from endothelial cells, leading to vasodilation?

<p>ADP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule activates guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), leading to vasodilation?

<p>NO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway stimulates vasoconstriction by increasing intracellular calcium levels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

<p>Phospholipase C (PLC) pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule inhibits calcium channel and activates myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), promoting relaxation?

<p>PKG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for the removal of cytosolic calcium in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Phospholamban (PLB) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in regulating cytosolic calcium levels in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Activates phospholamban (PLB) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling mechanism is associated with vasoconstriction in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Gq protein activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory molecule plays a role in calcium-induced-calcium-signaling in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Calmodulin (CaM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does calcium release occur in cardiac cells?

<p>Via the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between muscle contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells and skeletal muscle?

<p>Vascular smooth muscle cells have a slower contraction and relaxation time compared to skeletal muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects heart rate and muscle contraction?

<p>L-Type Ca2+ channels (DHPR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX) in cardiac muscle?

<p>Removes majority of cytosolic Ca2+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) in cardiac muscle?

<p>Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) in cardiac muscle?

<p>Removes majority of cytosolic Ca2+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a regulatory molecule that inhibits SERCA2 in cardiac cells?

<p>Phospholamban (PLB) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Type 2 (SERCA2) in cardiac muscle?

<p>Removes majority of cytosolic Ca2+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for transmitting forces across the sarcolemma in cardiomyocytes?

<p>Plakophilin-2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical presentation of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

<p>Arrhythmias and sudden death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle?

<p>Releasing calcium during contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for the release of calcium during cardiac muscle contraction?

<p>Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the L-Type Ca2+ channel (DHPR) in cardiac muscle contraction?

<p>Triggering calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation by activating guanylyl cyclase and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)?

<p>Nitric Oxide (NO) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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