HSF 2 Exam 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in muscle cells?

  • Generating ATP
  • Producing new muscle fibers
  • Releasing sodium
  • Storing calcium (correct)

    • Which event triggers the release of calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

  • Sodium diffusion
  • Chloride accumulation
  • Potassium release
  • Extracellular calcium influx (correct)

    • What percentage of calcium found in muscle cells comes from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

  • 10-20%
  • 80-90% (correct)
  • 50-60%
  • 30-40%

    • Which part of the heart is responsible for atrial depolarization?

    <p>SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the Cardiac Cycle do the ventricles relax?

    <p>Diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Noncontractile cardiac Cells in the heart?

    <p>Generating electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart is involved in the sequence of excitation following the SA node?

    <p>AV bundle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the Cardiac Cycle involves ventricular ejection?

    <p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a key role in determining Stroke Volume according to Frank-Starling Law of the heart?

    <p>Length of muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does sympathetic control have on the heart's permeability to Na+ and Ca2+?

    <p>Increases permeability to Na+ and Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the fetal adaptation known as Ductus Arteriosus?

    <p>Bulbis cordis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cardiac problem is characterized by multiple myocardial infarctions?

    <p>Coronary atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in parasympathetic control of heart rate?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EDV-ESV represent in terms of cardiac physiology?

    <p>Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chamber forms the Bulbis cordis during embryology of the heart?

    <p>Ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the communication link for the heart to transport hormones and proteins?

    <p>Intercalated discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart is responsible for the spontaneous depolarization of the heart muscle cells?

    <p>Pacemaker cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can angina pectoris occur in the heart?

    <p>Anterior interventricular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart consists of branched and striated cells?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chordae tendonae in the heart?

    <p>Anchoring atrioventricular valves to prevent backflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart's septum and walls?

    <p>Anterior interventricular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the serous pericardium layers in protecting the heart?

    <p>Providing a lubricated surface to reduce friction during heartbeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the heart is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from ventricles to atria?

    <p>Chordae tendonae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the blood vessel is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood vessels, which structure contains collagen fibers and vasa vasorum?

    <p>Tunica externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of capillaries have larger fenestrations allowing for rapid exchange?

    <p>Sinusoid capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of artery is also known as distributing arteries?

    <p>Muscular arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of venules in the circulatory system?

    <p>Conduct blood away from tissues to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) in circulation is directly proportional to which factor?

    <p>Blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines Blood Flow in the circulatory system?

    <p>$∆𝑃$ (Pressure difference)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel has valves to prevent backflow of blood?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a critical role in determining Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

    <p>Total Peripheral Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which arteriolar vasodilation contributes to regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Reduced peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is associated with long-term regulation of blood pressure?

    <p>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of primary (or essential) Hypertension according to the given text?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of arterial blood pressure, which factor directly contributes to maintaining homeostasis by decreasing output from the vasomotor center?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which center in the Cardiovascular Center is responsible for inhibiting heart rate?

    <p>Cardioinhibitory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in relation to blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Decreasing blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Secondary Hypertension as outlined in the provided text?

    <p>Renal Mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible symptom of Orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Dizziness upon standing up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Circulatory Shock, which type is characterized by an allergic reaction?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the movement of lipid soluble substances across capillaries?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure in capillary exchange?

    <p>Reabsorption of fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Coronary' refer to in medical terminology?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What word describes inflammation of an artery?

    <p>Arteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'Angina Pectoris' based on its Latin roots?

    <p>'Chest pain'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Embolus' can be distinguished from 'Thrombus' based on:

    <p>'Embolus' travels through the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Valvuloplasty' typically involves:

    <p>'Surgical repair or replacement of heart valves'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Peyer’s Patches located?

    <p>In the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cysterna chyli?

    <p>To drain most of the body's lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the thymus gland in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Produce T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphatic organ serves as a site for lymphocyte proliferation?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Lymphatic Capillaries from blood capillaries?

    <p>Higher permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lymphatic system, what is the function of Lymphatic Trunks?

    <p>Collect lymph from various regions of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of MALT in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Thoracic Duct in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Drain most of the body's lymph into the venous blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Draining interstitial fluid, transporting dietary lipids, defense against viruses and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the anatomy of lymphatic capillaries.

    <p>Blind end vessels, highly permeable, overlapping endothelial cells, anchoring filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of lymphatic trunks in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Lumbar trunk, intestinal trunk, subclavian trunk, jugular trunk, bronchomediastinal trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of the thoracic duct in the lymphatic system.

    <p>It drains most of the body's lymph, returning it to the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary lymphatic organs and their functions?

    <p>Thymus gland (site of T cell maturation), spleen (storage of blood, lymphocyte proliferation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the components of MALT in the lymphatic system.

    <p>Tonsils, Peyer's Patches, Appendix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lymph nodes?

    <p>Filtering lymph, containing immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the formation and flow of lymph in the lymphatic system.

    <p>Formation: 3L/day with proteins, Flow: Returns to venous blood via muscle and respiratory pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of imbalances in blood pressure mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hypotension, Orthostatic hypotension, Chronic Hypotension, Acute Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the three types of shock under vascular shock.

    <p>Anaphylactic shock, Neurogenic shock, Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two movements of molecules mentioned under Capillary Exchange?

    <p>Diffusion, Vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the two types of pressures mentioned under Capillary Exchange.

    <p>Hydrostatic Pressure, Colloid Osmotic Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Angina Pectoris' mean based on its Latin roots?

    <p>Angina - to choke; Pectoris - of the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'Arteritis'.

    <p>Inflammation of an artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between Embolus and Thrombus.

    <p>Embolus is a moving blood clot; Thrombus is a stationary blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'Phlebitis'?

    <p>Inflammation of a vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in muscle cells?

    <p>Storage and release of calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Peyer’s Patches located in the body?

    <p>Intestines (specifically in the ileum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the Frank-Starling Law of the heart is related to the length of muscle fibers.

    <p>The Frank-Starling Law states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fibers before contraction. Therefore, longer muscle fibers (increased preload) lead to a more forceful contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the impact of increased contractility on stroke volume.

    <p>Increased contractility results in a stronger force of contraction, leading to an increase in stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathetic control influence the heart's permeability to Na+ and Ca2+?

    <p>Sympathetic control, through catecholamines acting on β1-adrenergic receptors, increases the permeability of the heart to Na+ and Ca2+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of the Bulbis cordis during the embryology of the heart.

    <p>The Bulbis cordis is a structure that eventually forms the right ventricle of the heart during embryonic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptations does the fetal heart undergo to optimize oxygen delivery?

    <p>The fetal heart uses adaptations such as the presence of umbilical arteries and vein, the Foramen Ovale, and the Ductus Arteriosus to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical manifestations of Congestive Heart Failure?

    <p>Congestive Heart Failure can present with symptoms such as coronary atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, multiple myocardial infarctions, and dilated cardiomyopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the mechanisms of Tachycardia and Bradycardia.

    <p>Tachycardia is characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate, while Bradycardia is characterized by an unusually slow heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of compliance relate to the cardiac system?

    <p>In the context of the heart, compliance refers to its ability to stretch and expand to accommodate blood volume during diastole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Cardiac Output formula, and how is it calculated?

    <p>Cardiac Output (CO) is calculated by multiplying Heart Rate (HR) by Stroke Volume (SV). CO = HR x SV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the role of the Endocardial tubes in the embryology of the heart.

    <p>The Endocardial tubes give rise to the four chambers of the heart during embryonic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left coronary artery branches into the anterior interventricular artery and the _______ artery.

    <p>circumflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac myocytes are characterized by being _______ and striated.

    <p>branched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pacemaker cells in the heart are known for their ability to spontaneously depolarize, a process called _______.

    <p>autorhythmicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium (composed of parietal and _______ layers) protect the heart.

    <p>visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein are examples of _______ veins in the heart.

    <p>cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ______

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extracellular calcium triggers the release of calcium from the ______

    <p>SR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Slow calcium channels allow for the entry of 10-20% of extracellular ______

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    80-90% calcium comes from the ______

    <p>SR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial depolarization is part of the ______

    <p>Cardiac Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation occurs during the _______ phase of the Cardiac Cycle

    <p>diastolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ volume is the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

    <p>End Diastolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ law of the heart describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume

    <p>Frank-Starling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ control leads to increased heart rate and permeability to Na+ and Ca2+

    <p>Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ arteries and vein are part of the fetal heart adaptations

    <p>Umbilical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphatic capillaries are highly ________

    <p>permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic duct drains most of the ________

    <p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thymus gland contains ________ lobes

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spleen is a storage site for ________

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peyer's Patches are collections of ________

    <p>MALT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the white pulp in the spleen is related to ________ proliferation

    <p>lymphocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lymph nodes receive lymph through ________ lymph vessels

    <p>afferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tonsils include Palatine, Lingual, Pharyngeal, and Tubal ________

    <p>tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are blood vessels that are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ law of the heart describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume

    <p>Frank-Starling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In capillary exchange, molecules move through capillary walls via _______ and transcytosis.

    <p>fenestrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vessel radius is _______ proportional to resistance.

    <p>indirectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ receives lymph through lymph vessels

    <p>lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ volume is the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole

    <p>End-diastolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are the smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is associated with resistance in the _______ circulation.

    <p>peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ pressure is pulsatile

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the main cause of Secondary Hypertension as outlined in the provided text

    <p>Heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ Shock results from blood or fluid loss

    <p>Hypovolemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ capillary pressure is responsible for pushing fluids out of the capillaries

    <p>Hydrostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ shock includes anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, and septic shock

    <p>Vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ refers to the process of circular movement in the cardiovascular system

    <p>Circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ shock is characterized by weak pulse and vasoconstriction

    <p>Cardiogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

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