122 Questions
What is the main function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in muscle cells?
Storing calcium
Which event triggers the release of calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
Extracellular calcium influx
What percentage of calcium found in muscle cells comes from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
80-90%
Which part of the heart is responsible for atrial depolarization?
SA node
During which phase of the Cardiac Cycle do the ventricles relax?
Diastole
What is the main function of Noncontractile cardiac Cells in the heart?
Generating electrical impulses
Which part of the heart is involved in the sequence of excitation following the SA node?
AV bundle
What phase of the Cardiac Cycle involves ventricular ejection?
Systole
Which factor plays a key role in determining Stroke Volume according to Frank-Starling Law of the heart?
Length of muscle fibers
What effect does sympathetic control have on the heart's permeability to Na+ and Ca2+?
Increases permeability to Na+ and Ca2+
Which structure is primarily responsible for the fetal adaptation known as Ductus Arteriosus?
Bulbis cordis
What cardiac problem is characterized by multiple myocardial infarctions?
Coronary atherosclerosis
Which neurotransmitter is involved in parasympathetic control of heart rate?
Acetylcholine
What does EDV-ESV represent in terms of cardiac physiology?
Stroke Volume
What chamber forms the Bulbis cordis during embryology of the heart?
Ventricle
What serves as the communication link for the heart to transport hormones and proteins?
Intercalated discs
Which part of the heart is responsible for the spontaneous depolarization of the heart muscle cells?
Pacemaker cells
Where can angina pectoris occur in the heart?
Anterior interventricular artery
Which layer of the heart consists of branched and striated cells?
Myocardium
What is the function of chordae tendonae in the heart?
Anchoring atrioventricular valves to prevent backflow of blood
Which artery supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart's septum and walls?
Anterior interventricular artery
What is the main function of the serous pericardium layers in protecting the heart?
Providing a lubricated surface to reduce friction during heartbeats
Which structure in the heart is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from ventricles to atria?
Chordae tendonae
Which layer of the blood vessel is responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Tunica media
In blood vessels, which structure contains collagen fibers and vasa vasorum?
Tunica externa
What type of capillaries have larger fenestrations allowing for rapid exchange?
Sinusoid capillaries
Which type of artery is also known as distributing arteries?
Muscular arteries
What is the function of venules in the circulatory system?
Conduct blood away from tissues to the heart
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) in circulation is directly proportional to which factor?
Blood viscosity
What factor determines Blood Flow in the circulatory system?
$∆𝑃$ (Pressure difference)
Which type of blood vessel has valves to prevent backflow of blood?
Veins
Which factor plays a critical role in determining Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Total Peripheral Resistance
What is the primary mechanism through which arteriolar vasodilation contributes to regulating blood pressure?
Reduced peripheral resistance
Which hormone is associated with long-term regulation of blood pressure?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
What is the primary cause of primary (or essential) Hypertension according to the given text?
Age
In the context of arterial blood pressure, which factor directly contributes to maintaining homeostasis by decreasing output from the vasomotor center?
Vasodilation
Which center in the Cardiovascular Center is responsible for inhibiting heart rate?
Cardioinhibitory center
What is the primary function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in relation to blood pressure regulation?
Decreasing blood volume
What is the main cause of Secondary Hypertension as outlined in the provided text?
Renal Mechanisms
What is a possible symptom of Orthostatic hypotension?
Dizziness upon standing up
In Circulatory Shock, which type is characterized by an allergic reaction?
Anaphylactic shock
Which process describes the movement of lipid soluble substances across capillaries?
Diffusion
What is the primary function of Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure in capillary exchange?
Reabsorption of fluid
What does the term 'Coronary' refer to in medical terminology?
Heart
What word describes inflammation of an artery?
Arteritis
What is the meaning of 'Angina Pectoris' based on its Latin roots?
'Chest pain'
'Embolus' can be distinguished from 'Thrombus' based on:
'Embolus' travels through the bloodstream
'Valvuloplasty' typically involves:
'Surgical repair or replacement of heart valves'
Where are Peyer’s Patches located?
In the small intestine
What is the primary function of the cysterna chyli?
To drain most of the body's lymph
What is the main role of the thymus gland in the lymphatic system?
Produce T cells
Which lymphatic organ serves as a site for lymphocyte proliferation?
Spleen
What differentiates Lymphatic Capillaries from blood capillaries?
Higher permeability
In the lymphatic system, what is the function of Lymphatic Trunks?
Collect lymph from various regions of the body
What is the primary function of MALT in the lymphatic system?
Protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens
What is the role of the Thoracic Duct in the lymphatic system?
Drain most of the body's lymph into the venous blood supply
What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?
Draining interstitial fluid, transporting dietary lipids, defense against viruses and bacteria
Describe the anatomy of lymphatic capillaries.
Blind end vessels, highly permeable, overlapping endothelial cells, anchoring filament
What are the functions of lymphatic trunks in the lymphatic system?
Lumbar trunk, intestinal trunk, subclavian trunk, jugular trunk, bronchomediastinal trunk
Explain the role of the thoracic duct in the lymphatic system.
It drains most of the body's lymph, returning it to the bloodstream.
What are the primary lymphatic organs and their functions?
Thymus gland (site of T cell maturation), spleen (storage of blood, lymphocyte proliferation)
List the components of MALT in the lymphatic system.
Tonsils, Peyer's Patches, Appendix
What is the main function of lymph nodes?
Filtering lymph, containing immune cells
Explain the formation and flow of lymph in the lymphatic system.
Formation: 3L/day with proteins, Flow: Returns to venous blood via muscle and respiratory pumps
What are the four types of imbalances in blood pressure mentioned in the text?
Hypotension, Orthostatic hypotension, Chronic Hypotension, Acute Hypotension
List the three types of shock under vascular shock.
Anaphylactic shock, Neurogenic shock, Septic shock
What are the two movements of molecules mentioned under Capillary Exchange?
Diffusion, Vesicular transport
Identify the two types of pressures mentioned under Capillary Exchange.
Hydrostatic Pressure, Colloid Osmotic Pressure
What does the term 'Angina Pectoris' mean based on its Latin roots?
Angina - to choke; Pectoris - of the chest
Define 'Arteritis'.
Inflammation of an artery
Explain the difference between Embolus and Thrombus.
Embolus is a moving blood clot; Thrombus is a stationary blood clot
What is the meaning of 'Phlebitis'?
Inflammation of a vein
What is the main function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in muscle cells?
Storage and release of calcium ions
Where are Peyer’s Patches located in the body?
Intestines (specifically in the ileum)
Explain how the Frank-Starling Law of the heart is related to the length of muscle fibers.
The Frank-Starling Law states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fibers before contraction. Therefore, longer muscle fibers (increased preload) lead to a more forceful contraction.
Describe the impact of increased contractility on stroke volume.
Increased contractility results in a stronger force of contraction, leading to an increase in stroke volume.
How does sympathetic control influence the heart's permeability to Na+ and Ca2+?
Sympathetic control, through catecholamines acting on β1-adrenergic receptors, increases the permeability of the heart to Na+ and Ca2+ ions.
Explain the role of the Bulbis cordis during the embryology of the heart.
The Bulbis cordis is a structure that eventually forms the right ventricle of the heart during embryonic development.
What adaptations does the fetal heart undergo to optimize oxygen delivery?
The fetal heart uses adaptations such as the presence of umbilical arteries and vein, the Foramen Ovale, and the Ductus Arteriosus to ensure efficient oxygen delivery.
What are the clinical manifestations of Congestive Heart Failure?
Congestive Heart Failure can present with symptoms such as coronary atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, multiple myocardial infarctions, and dilated cardiomyopathy.
Explain the mechanisms of Tachycardia and Bradycardia.
Tachycardia is characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate, while Bradycardia is characterized by an unusually slow heart rate.
How does the concept of compliance relate to the cardiac system?
In the context of the heart, compliance refers to its ability to stretch and expand to accommodate blood volume during diastole.
What is the Cardiac Output formula, and how is it calculated?
Cardiac Output (CO) is calculated by multiplying Heart Rate (HR) by Stroke Volume (SV). CO = HR x SV.
Discuss the role of the Endocardial tubes in the embryology of the heart.
The Endocardial tubes give rise to the four chambers of the heart during embryonic development.
The left coronary artery branches into the anterior interventricular artery and the _______ artery.
circumflex
Cardiac myocytes are characterized by being _______ and striated.
branched
The pacemaker cells in the heart are known for their ability to spontaneously depolarize, a process called _______.
autorhythmicity
The fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium (composed of parietal and _______ layers) protect the heart.
visceral
The great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein are examples of _______ veins in the heart.
cardiac
Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ______
calcium
Extracellular calcium triggers the release of calcium from the ______
SR
Slow calcium channels allow for the entry of 10-20% of extracellular ______
calcium
80-90% calcium comes from the ______
SR
Atrial depolarization is part of the ______
Cardiac Cycle
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation occurs during the _______ phase of the Cardiac Cycle
diastolic
_______ volume is the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
End Diastolic
_______ law of the heart describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume
Frank-Starling
_______ control leads to increased heart rate and permeability to Na+ and Ca2+
Sympathetic
_______ arteries and vein are part of the fetal heart adaptations
Umbilical
Lymphatic capillaries are highly ________
permeable
The thoracic duct drains most of the ________
body
The thymus gland contains ________ lobes
2
The spleen is a storage site for ________
blood
Peyer's Patches are collections of ________
MALT
The primary function of the white pulp in the spleen is related to ________ proliferation
lymphocyte
The lymph nodes receive lymph through ________ lymph vessels
afferent
The tonsils include Palatine, Lingual, Pharyngeal, and Tubal ________
tonsils
_______ are blood vessels that are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Arteries
_______ law of the heart describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume
Frank-Starling
In capillary exchange, molecules move through capillary walls via _______ and transcytosis.
fenestrations
Vessel radius is _______ proportional to resistance.
indirectly
The _______ receives lymph through lymph vessels
lymph nodes
_______ volume is the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
End-diastolic
_______ are the smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.
Capillaries
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is associated with resistance in the _______ circulation.
peripheral
_______ pressure is pulsatile
Blood
_______ is the main cause of Secondary Hypertension as outlined in the provided text
Heredity
_______ Shock results from blood or fluid loss
Hypovolemic
_______ capillary pressure is responsible for pushing fluids out of the capillaries
Hydrostatic
_______ shock includes anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, and septic shock
Vascular
_______ refers to the process of circular movement in the cardiovascular system
Circulation
_______ shock is characterized by weak pulse and vasoconstriction
Cardiogenic
Test your knowledge on the general information about the heart, including pump systems, location, structure, chambers, valves, and more. Explore topics such as the external structure, atria, ventricles, and chordae tendonae.
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