67 Questions
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
Transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste
Where are the papillary muscles located in the heart?
In the ventricles
Which layer of the heart covers the outer surface of the heart?
Epicardium
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Coronary arteries
Which artery supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart?
Anterior interventricular artery
What is the main function of pacemaker cells in the heart?
Spontaneously depolarize to initiate heart contractions
Which term is used to describe chest pain that occurs due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
'Angina pectoris'
What is the main characteristic of cardiac myocytes?
'Branched'
What is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Releases calcium
Where does the majority of calcium come from during muscle contraction?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What precedes ventricular ejection in the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling
Which phase involves all heart chambers in a state of relaxation?
Diastole
What part of the heart initiates the cardiac electrical impulse?
SA node
Which structure is responsible for conducting the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles?
AV bundle (Bundle of His)
What is the main function of the U wave in an electrocardiogram?
Atrial repolarization
What is the formula to calculate Stroke Volume?
End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume
Which factor affects Stroke Volume by altering the length of muscle fibers?
Preload
What is the effect of increased contractility on Stroke Volume?
Increases Stroke Volume
Which factor influences Stroke Volume by controlling Heart Rate?
Parasympathetic Control
In the embryology of the heart, what structure forms the 4 chambers?
Endocardial tubes
Which condition is associated with Tachycardia?
Congestive Heart Failure
'Foramen Ovale' is an adaptation in the fetal heart that is associated with:
Umbilical arteries and vein
'Catecholamines (NE & Epi) act on which type of receptors to influence Stroke Volume?'
β1- adrenergic receptors
During muscle contraction, what triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Extracellular calcium
In the cardiac cycle, what occurs during ventricular ejection phase?
Ventricular contraction
Which part of the heart is responsible for conducting the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles?
AV node
What is the function of the cardioaccelerator center located in the medulla oblongata?
Increase heart rate
Which phase of the cardiac cycle involves all heart chambers in a state of relaxation?
Diastole
What percentage of extracellular calcium enters cardiac cells through slow calcium channels?
10-20%
What is the initial event that leads to atrial depolarization in the cardiac cycle?
SA node firing action potentials
What structure in the heart is known for its autorhythmicity and unstable resting potential?
SA node
What is the formula for Cardiac Output?
CO = HR x SV
Which factor affects Stroke Volume by altering contractility?
Sympathetic Control
What refers to the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole?
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
Which condition is NOT associated with factors influencing Stroke Volume?
Congestive Heart Failure
Which hormone decreases calcium permeability in the heart muscle cells?
Acetylcholine
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves both atrial and ventricular relaxation?
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
What factor affects Stroke Volume by regulating the length of muscle fibers in the heart?
Preload
Which structure plays a role in fetal heart adaptations by diverting blood away from the pulmonary circulation?
Ductus Arteriosus
Which structure is responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?
Bicuspid valve
What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?
Prevent valve prolapse
In which layer of the heart wall are the coronary arteries located?
Epicardium
Which artery supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart?
Right marginal artery
What term refers to chest pain or discomfort caused by an insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle?
Angina pectoris
Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated discs in cardiac myocytes?
Facilitate communication between adjacent cells
What is the primary role of cardiac myocytes in the cardiovascular system?
Contract to pump blood throughout the body
During the cardiac cycle, what immediately follows atrial depolarization?
Conduction through AV node and AV bundle
What percentage of extracellular calcium enters cardiac cells through slow calcium channels?
0-10%
Which structure plays a role in fetal heart adaptations by diverting blood away from the pulmonary circulation?
Foramen Ovale
What is the primary factor affecting Stroke Volume by regulating contractility?
Catecholamines
What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?
Preventing backflow of blood
Which structure plays a role in fetal heart adaptations by diverting blood away from the pulmonary circulation?
Ductus Arteriosus
Which factor influences Stroke Volume by controlling Heart Rate?
Chronotropy
Where does the majority of calcium come from during muscle contraction?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
What is the primary characteristic of cardiac myocytes?
Highly contractile
What is the main characteristic of Noncontractile cardiac Cells?
Low conduction rate
Which hormone decreases calcium permeability in heart muscle cells?
Acetylcholine
What is the effect of increased contractility on Stroke Volume?
Increases Stroke Volume
'Pacemaker potential' refers to:
'Spontaneous' depolarization in autorhythmic cells
What occurs during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular volume decreases due to blood ejection
'Foramen Ovale' is an adaptation in the fetal heart that allows blood to flow between which two structures?
Right atrium and left atrium
What is the main function of the chordae tendineae in the heart?
To prevent backflow of blood in the heart chambers
Where are the papillary muscles located in the heart?
Attached to the cusps of atrioventricular valves
Which factor influences Stroke Volume by controlling Heart Rate?
Heart rate
What phase of the cardiac cycle involves both atrial and ventricular contraction?
Atrial systole
Where does the majority of calcium come from during muscle contraction?
Stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which term describes a condition characterized by an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart muscle?
Angina pectoris
Test your knowledge on the general information regarding the heart, including its pump systems, location, structure, chambers, valves, chordae tendonae, and papillary muscles. This quiz is based on Chapter 18 of Cardiovascular Physiology.
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