Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the thoracic duct?

To convey lymph to the bloodstream (correct)

To produce lymphatic fluid

To transport oxygenated blood

To filter out toxins from the lymph

Which regions drain into the thoracic duct?

Both B and C are correct (correct)

Only the abdominal cavity

The right arm and thorax

The pelvic cavity and lower limbs

What is the cisterna chyli?

A lymphatic collection point for lower body lymph (correct)

An area that drains fluids from the brain

A major artery in the abdomen

A type of lymphatic vessel

Which lymphatic structures drain the right side of the head and neck?

Right jugular lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the thoracic duct?

Van Horne's canal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the interatrial septum in the heart?

Separates the right and left atria Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

It returns blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for marking the interventricular septum's position on the heart's surface?

Anterior and posterior interventricular grooves Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the right atrioventricular orifice?

It lies anterior to the opening of the IVC. Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature does the valve of the inferior vena cava exhibit?

It is rudimentary and non-functioning in adults. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the interventricular septum is thicker and muscular?

Lower muscular part Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

Drains most blood from the heart wall Signup and view all the answers

What does the fossa ovalis represent?

A remnant of fetal circulation at the interatrial septum Signup and view all the answers

What causes the bifid lower aspect of the lower trunk?

Incomplete fusion of embryonic lymphatic trunks Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common variation in the termination of the thoracic duct?

Left side termination Signup and view all the answers

Which lymph node is commonly associated with gastric cancer metastasis?

Virchow's node Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonic valve?

To regulate blood flow into the pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases report bilateral termination of the thoracic duct?

1.5% Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT characteristic of the left atrium?

Has a distinctive crista terminalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the left atrioventricular valve?

Two cusps - anterior and posterior Signup and view all the answers

Which site is the termination of the thoracic duct most commonly associated with?

Subclavian vein Signup and view all the answers

What is known as Troiser’s Sign?

Enlargement of the left supraclavicular node Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the right atrioventricular valve is true?

It regulates blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Signup and view all the answers

In what percentage of cases might the thoracic duct terminate bilaterally?

1.5% Signup and view all the answers

Where are the pulmonary veins located in relation to the left atrium?

Open through the posterior wall Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic structure contributes to the conus arteriosus?

Bulbos chordis Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by the presence of Virchow’s node?

Gastric cancer metastasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Serves as the main impulse initiator of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the outflow portion of the right ventricle from the inflow portion?

Leads to the pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

Where is the SA node specifically located?

Superior posterolateral wall of the right atrium Signup and view all the answers

How many cusps does the aortic valve have?

Three cusps Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the atria and ventricles of the heart?

Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) Signup and view all the answers

Which artery provides the majority of the blood supply to the SA node?

Right coronary artery Signup and view all the answers

What role does the atrioventricular (AV) node play in the heart's conduction system?

Delays the electrical signal before it reaches the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is bordered by the junction between the right atrium and the venous sinus?

Sulcus Terminalis Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart hosts the specific layer of the SA node?

Subepicardial layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the left anterior descending artery?

Widow-Maker artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the azygos vein?

To drain blood from the thoracic wall Signup and view all the answers

Where does the right sympathetic trunk primarily lie?

Behind the inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which thoracic vertebra level does the azygos vein join the hemiazygos vein?

7th Thoracic Vertebra Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure does the left brachiocephalic vein cross?

The jugular notch Signup and view all the answers

What is collected by the lymphatic system below the neck?

Lymph from virtually all parts of the body below the neck Signup and view all the answers

What potential clinical risk is associated with the left brachiocephalic vein?

Bleeding if exposed during surgical procedures Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins in some variations?

They join as one trunk Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the thoracic lymphatics?

To dictate the spread of tumors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy Study Notes

Pericardium: A fibrous sac enclosing the heart and major blood vessels. It restricts excessive heart movement and provides a lubricated environment for free contraction. Located in the middle mediastinum, posterior to the sternum, and anterior to the T5-T8 vertebral levels.

Layers of Pericardium

Fibrous Pericardium: Strong, fibrous outer layer. Fuses with the large blood vessels. Attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm and sternopericardial ligament.
Serous Pericardium: Lines the fibrous pericardium and covers the heart. Two layers:
- Parietal Layer: Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.
- Visceral Layer (Epicardium): Adheres closely to the heart surface.
Pericardial Cavity: Slit-like space between the parietal and visceral layers. Contains ~50 mL of pericardial fluid for lubrication.

Clinical Correlation

Pericardial Effusion: Accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity. Can progress to cardiac tamponade if fluid buildup is severe. Typically associated with symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath.
Cardiac Tamponade: A complication of pericardial effusion where the fluid puts pressure on the heart, limiting its ability to fill and contract. Symptoms include muffled heart sounds, distended jugular veins, and low blood pressure (Beck's Triad).
Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. The rubbing of the inflamed layers can produce a friction rub (a sound auscultated during a physical exam). Constrictive pericarditis leads to a rigid fibrous pericardium, impeding heart movement.
Pericardial Sinus: Spaces in the pericardium behind the heart formed by pericardial reflections.

Heart Overview

Heart: A specialized and enlarged hollow muscle vessel responsible for pumping blood. Consists of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles).
Heart Wall: Composed of three layers:
- Epicardium: Outermost layer, continuous with the visceral pericardium.
- Myocardium: Middle muscular layer primarily comprised of cardiac muscle.
- Endocardium: Innermost layer lining the heart chambers to reduce friction and promote blood flow.
Chambers:
- Atria: Thin-walled, low-pressure chambers receiving blood from veins, and pumping it into ventricles.
- Ventricles: Thick-walled, high-pressure chambers pumping blood to lungs and body through arteries.

Heart Arterial Blood Supply

Right Coronary Artery (RCA): Supplies the right side of the heart and part of the interventricular septum. Often a dominant contributor to posterior descending artery.
Left Coronary Artery (LCA): Supplies primarily the left side. Branches into left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex arteries. LAD is often the most frequently occluded branch.

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Description

Test your knowledge on important aspects of the thoracic duct and heart anatomy with this comprehensive quiz. Questions cover the primary functions of various structures, regions drained by lymphatics, and other critical cardiovascular features. Perfect for students of anatomy and physiology.