Cardiovascular Health Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of a heart attack?

  • Pain spreading to shoulders, neck, or arms (correct)
  • Sore throat
  • Blurred vision
  • Weakness in legs

    • Which condition is characterized by a brief blockage of oxygenated blood to the heart?

  • Transient Ischemic Attack
  • Stroke
  • Angina Pectoris (correct)
  • Heart Attack

    • What is considered a controllable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?

  • High LDL cholesterol levels (correct)
  • Family history
  • Age
  • Gender

    • Which symptom is typically associated with a stroke?

    <p>Sudden weakness or numbness of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?

    <p>High physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TIA stand for in cardiovascular contexts?

    <p>Transient Ischemic Attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor you can control?

    <p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a potential cause of a stroke?

    <p>Bulging or burst blood vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What BMI range qualifies a person as Class I obese?

    <p>30.0 - 34.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT directly associated with obesity-related morbidity?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of obesity as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Energy imbalance over a long period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of obesity is defined as having a BMI of 40.0 or greater?

    <p>Class III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological disorder is associated with obesity?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a negative response to weight bias?

    <p>Stereotypes leading to rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between body weight and all-cause mortality?

    <p>Higher body weights are associated with increases in all-cause mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with obesity?

    <p>Vision impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor contributing to weight management?

    <p>Increase in physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the concept of fat-free foods?

    <p>Fat-free foods can still contain calories per serving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For maintaining a balanced diet, what should be included?

    <p>All food groups throughout the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the onset of chronic illness compared to acute illness?

    <p>Chronic illnesses have a usually graduated onset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does slowing down the rate of eating have?

    <p>It allows the body more time to recognize fullness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in the prognosis of acute versus chronic illnesses?

    <p>Acute illnesses generally have a more accurate prognosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does effective goal setting for health entail?

    <p>Establishing goals that are forgiving and specific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best summarizes the uncertainty associated with chronic illnesses?

    <p>Chronic illness creates pervasive uncertainty about prognosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HIV in relation to the immune system?

    <p>It specifically attacks helper T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of HIV infection is characterized as asymptomatic?

    <p>Stage 2: Latent period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bodily fluids are primarily involved in the transmission of HIV?

    <p>Blood, semen, and vaginal fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological issue faced by individuals with HIV?

    <p>Feelings of isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a treatment for HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a T-lymphocyte count below 200 in HIV infection?

    <p>It signifies the transition to AIDS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT increase the likelihood of HIV infection?

    <p>Genetic predisposition to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which precaution is emphasized as a primary prevention method for HIV?

    <p>Condom use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is NOT part of the medical interventions for cancer?

    <p>Lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of psychological interventions in cancer treatment?

    <p>To improve general functioning and minimize psychological reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does secondary prevention of cancer primarily focus on?

    <p>Early detection and reducing spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What BMI range is classified as overweight in adults?

    <p>25.0 - 29.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of primary prevention for cancer?

    <p>Controlling environmental carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes obesity based on BMI?

    <p>A BMI over 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does psychology play in cancer care?

    <p>As a complementary approach alongside medical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a psychological intervention in cancer prevention?

    <p>Reducing smoking habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when managing chronic illness?

    <p>Maintenance of a pleasurable and independent life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with chronic illness may experience psychological symptoms such as anxiety or depression?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT part of the coping process for serious illness according to Crisis Theory?

    <p>Dietary habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive appraisal in the coping process refer to?

    <p>The significance of the illness to the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common psychosocial interventions for adjusting to chronic illness?

    <p>Education and support services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence the coping process of chronic illness?

    <p>Annual income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'quality of life' in the context of chronic illness?

    <p>A person's fulfillment or sense of purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a coping skill mentioned in the context of managing chronic illness?

    <p>Weight loss programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of chronic illness that contributes to it being viewed as a crisis?

    <p>It requires ongoing management with uncertain outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines 'self-concept' as an outcome of crisis adaptation?

    <p>Perception of oneself and personal identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Disease

    • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S.
    • In 2005, CVD accounted for approximately 38% of all deaths.
    • CVD has been the number one killer in the U.S. since 1900, except for 1918 (influenza).
    • More than 2,500 Americans die from CVD each day.
    • Among women, 1 in 2.6 deaths are from CVD.
    • Atherosclerosis is caused by inflammation.
    • Risk factors include older age, family history, male gender, and diabetes.
    • Risk factors can be modifiable or non-modifiable.

    Objectives

    • Discuss the incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease.
    • Review major types of heart disease, factors contributing to their development, and the importance of lifestyle modifications for prevention.
    • Discuss controllable and uncontrollable risk factors for cardiovascular disease; individuals' risk profiles; and determine factors that can and cannot be controlled.

    Heart Function

    • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
    • Blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
    • Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium.
    • Blood from the left atrium is forced into the left ventricle.
    • The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to various parts of the body.

    Types of Cardiovascular Disease

    • Atherosclerosis
    • Coronary heart disease (CHD)
    • Chest pain (angina pectoris)
    • Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
    • Congestive heart failure (CHF)
    • Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
    • Stroke

    Atherosclerosis

    • Characterized by deposits of fatty substances (cholesterol), cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery.
    • Hyperlipidemia - abnormally high blood lipid level.
    • Plaque - buildup of deposits in the arteries.

    Coronary Heart Disease

    • Myocardium - Muscle tissue around the heart.
    • Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - prolonged blockage of blood to an area of the heart, resulting in muscle damage.
    • Symptoms include pressure/fullness/squeezing pain in the chest, pain spreading to shoulders/neck/arms, lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, and nausea.

    Angina Pectoris

    • Ischemia - reduction of the heart's blood and oxygen supply.
    • Painful cramp in chest, arm, neck, or back due to brief blockage of oxygenated blood to the heart.
    • More commonly happens during exercise, stress, cold temperature, or digesting large fat meals.
    • Typically causes little or no permanent damage.

    Stroke

    • Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted.
    • Thrombus - blood clot (in blood vessel).
    • Embolus - free-flowing clot.
    • Aneurysm - bulging or burst blood vessel.
    • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) - brief interruptions that cause temporary impairment.
    • Symptoms include sudden weakness/numbness of the face/arm/leg (typically on one side of the body), dimness/loss of vision (usually one eye), loss of speech/trouble talking/understanding speech, unexplained/severe headache, dizziness, unsteadiness or sudden fall.

    Common Blood Vessel Disorders

    • Thrombus - blood clot.
    • Embolus - blood clot travels to another vessel.
    • Hemorrhage - bleeding in the blood vessel.
    • Aneurysm - bulging or bursting of a blood vessel.

    Heart Disease Risk Factors

    • High blood pressure
    • Family history
    • Cigarette smoking
    • High LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and total cholesterol levels
    • Physical inactivity
    • Diabetes
    • Obesity
    • Stress

    Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases

    • Controllable risks: avoid tobacco, cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol, maintain a healthy weight, modify dietary habits, exercise regularly, control diabetes, control blood pressure (systolic/diastolic), manage stress.
    • Uncontrollable risks: heredity, age, gender, race.

    Physiological Reactivity

    • Physiological and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress ("hot reactors").
    • Exaggerated increases in blood pressure, heart rate, catecholamines (hormone), and corticosteroids.
    • High levels of these hormones can damage heart and blood vessels.
    • Presence of epinephrine increases clot formation.

    Women and Cardiovascular Disease

    • In 2003, CVD deaths: 426,800 men; 483,800 women.
    • Once estrogen production stops, risk for CVD death increases.
    • Diagnostic and therapeutic differences between men and women.
    • Delay in diagnosing possible heart attack.
    • Complexity in interpreting chest pain in women.
    • Less aggressive treatment of female heart attack victims.
    • Smaller coronary arteries in women.
    • Gender bias in CVD research; typically conducted on male subjects.

    New Weapons Against Heart Disease

    • Diagnostic testing for heart disease
    • Techniques for diagnosing heart disease include: electrocardiogram (ECG), angiography, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital cardiac angiography (DSA).

    Cardiac Rehabilitation

    • Every year, 1 million people survive heart attacks.
    • Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training promotes recovery and reduces the risk of another attack.
    • Heart disease is a chronic condition requiring ongoing management.

    Rehabilitation Includes

    • Exercise (physiological/psychological benefits): weight management, smoking cessation.
    • Lipid and BP management (dietary changes): control lipids, reduce excessive alcohol, stress management.

    Rehabilitation

    • 50% drop-out rate within first 6 months.
    • Benefits for those who continue include improved self-concept, perceived health, sexual activity, and involvement in social activities.
    • Those who stop are more likely to smoke, have poorer cardiac function, have higher body weight, be more sedentary and experience greater anxiety and depression.

    Cancer

    • Cancer is a disease of cells where cell reproduction is uncontrolled, caused by changes in cell DNA.
    • Uncontrolled cell reproduction leads to the development of a tumor (neoplasm).
    • Immature cells do not perform normal function.
    • Tumors are clumps of abnormal cells that form lumps or growths, starting from any cell in the body.

    Tumor Types

    • Malignant tumor: cells are more immature and dysfunctional, more likely to spread to other areas of the body (metastasis). Spread via blood and/or lymphatic system to secondary sites (e.g., primary site to secondary sites).
    • Benign tumor: cancer is less likely to spread.

    What Causes Cancer?

    • 75-80% of cancers are caused by modifiable lifestyle factors.
    • Causes include random mutations and environmental agents.

    Risk Factors

    • Genetics: Some cancers strongly affected by genes (e.g., breast cancer).
    • Viruses: Human Papilloma Virus can suppress immune function and lead to cancer.
    • Radiation: Ultraviolet light (sun), x-rays, and nuclear.

    Lifestyle Risk Factors

    • Tar in cigarettes: Accounts for 70-80% of lung cancers and 30% of all cancer deaths.
    • Diet: Fat, carcinogens (natural or additives), methods of food preparation (charring, smoking), alcohol.
    • Sexual Behavior: Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

    Psychological Risk Factors

    • Stress: Data inconsistent, stress may impact progression of cancer (impaired immune function).
    • Suppression of emotion: denial, anger, psychological factors of disease development.
    • Personality: Type I = cancer prone, Type II= CHD prone, Type III = mixed type (psychopathic tendencies), Type IV = healthy autonomous.

    Psychological Reactions to Cancer

    • Most common responses: anxiety (symptoms/treatment/prognosis), depressive symptoms (sadness, crying, guilt), feelings of loss of control, and hopelessness/helplessness. Positive outcomes are independent of the individual's behavior. Denial is another common response.

    Early Warning Signs of Cancer

    • Change in bowel or bladder habits.
    • A sore that does not heal.
    • Unusual discharge or bleeding from genital/urinary/digestive tract.
    • Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere.
    • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing.
    • Obvious change in wart or mole.
    • Persistent cough or hoarseness.

    Treatment for Cancer

    • Physical/medical interventions: surgery, radiotherapy/chemotherapy, electricity.
    • Psychological interventions: aim to improve general functioning and minimize adverse psychological reactions.

    Role of Psychology

    • Prevention: modify risk behaviors (e.g., smoking)
    • Adjunct to medical treatment: improve general functioning/minimize adverse psychological reactions.
    • Recovery/Relapse
    • Primary Prevention: Control environmental carcinogens (remove asbestos/ban workplace smoking/anti-pollution laws) Secondary Prevention (early detection & reliable accessible screening and education/self-screening).

    What causes obesity?

    • Energy imbalance over a long period of time.
    • Energy in > Energy out.
    • Excess calories and lack of physical activity.

    Negative attitudes toward obese individuals

    • Negative attitudes affecting interactions.
    • Stereotypes leading to stigma, rejection, prejudice, and discrimination.
    • Subtle and overt expressions: verbal/physical/relational forms, peer teasing, and teacher bias.

    How do people respond to weight bias?

    • Poor self-esteem, depression
    • Avoidance of medical care
    • Overeating/Binge eating
    • Physical inactivity

    Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

    • Recurrent episodes of binge eating.
    • Eating a larger amount of food than usual time period with a lack of control.
    • Marked distress, frequency of 2+ days per week for 6+ months.
    • Does not occur only during bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa.

    Strategies to prevent obesity

    • Assess your behavior and environment. (knowing the amount and type of food you eat, physical activity habits, live in speed and convenience environment you will need to set time, avoid high calorie foods)
    • Adopt healthy habits (increased physical activity, healthy diet)
    • Other behaviors (set right goals, balance your food, know when you are full)

    Chapter 8: Living with Chronic Illness

    • Chronic illness is a crisis: disruption and change, future goals, uncertainty, and continuous complex management.
    • Initial reactions: shock, denial, loss and grief, anxiety and depression.
    • Adaptation to chronic illness: finding new ways of coping with drastically altered circumstances.

    Crisis Theory (Moos, 1982)

    • Model describing factors affecting adjustment to serious illness.
    • Coping process (3 stages) is influenced by illness-related factors, background/personal factors, physical and social environment factors.
    • Coping process influences outcome.

    The Coping Process

    • Background and personal factors influence cognitive appraisal (perceived meaning of the illness).
    • Illness related factors influence adaptive skills development.
    • Physical and social environmental factors influence coping skills.
    • Coping skills influence outcome of crisis (results).

    Contributing Factors

    • Illness-Related Factors (degree to which illness is hidden, degree to which illness intrudes).
    • Background and Personal Factors (Age, gender, social class, philosophical or religious commitment, self-esteem).
    • Physical and Social Environment Factors (social support).

    The Coping Process

    • Cognitive appraisal: meaning or significance of the illness, or a questionnaire regarding this.
    • Adaptive tasks: formulation of tasks, illness-related, and general psychosocial functioning.
    • Coping skills: denial, information-seeking, goal-setting, recruiting support.

    Outcome of Crisis

    • Adaptation and Adjustment (Physical, vocational, self-concept, social, emotional compliance).
    • Quality of life (Degree of excellence people appraise their lives, Health-related quality of life, physical status, functioning, psychological status, social functioning, disease/treatment related symptomatology).

    HIV/AIDS

    • HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
    • AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
    • HIV causes AIDS by attacking helper T cells, a type of white blood cell.
    • HIV progression (Stage-based):
      • Stage 1: brief flu-like illness (1 week after infection).
      • Stage 2: latent period (asymptomatic).
      • Stage 3: AIDS-related complex (cluster of symptoms).
      • Stage 4: AIDS (T-lymphocyte count below 200).
    • HIV Transmission:
      • Bodily fluids (rich in white blood cells) : Blood (needle sharing, blood transfusion, mother to fetus), Semen, Vaginal fluids.
    • Signs/Symptoms of HIV infection: Usually none; early warning signs might include fever, skin rash, diarrhea, swollen glands, night sweats, fatigue, cough, oral problems, repeated vaginal infections, and/or weight loss (other illnesses could cause similar symptoms).
    • Factors increasing likelihood of infection: high infection dose, high concentration of virus in fluid, co-factors (e.g., genital ulcers), immune status of recipient, clinical status of the carrier, most infectious at early stages.
    • Psychological aspects of HIV infection: Impacts the infected person, family, friends, and economic status of affected persons.
    • Psycho-social issues: Isolation, denial, guilt, bereavement, anger, fear, confusion.
    • Treatment of HIV/AIDS: Antiretroviral agents, Inhibits HIV replication, increased helper T cell count. Many opportunistic diseases can be treated with medication (antibiotics).

    Role of Psychology

    • Primary Prevention: Condom use, health belief model, theory of reasoned action/planned behavior, needle sharing, drug laws, and CBT (relapse prevention).
    • Secondary Prevention: Testing (positive/negative reactions of the individual), Psychological impact of HIV unclear, compliance with medical regimens, and palliative care.

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    Test your knowledge on cardiovascular health, including risk factors for heart disease, symptoms of heart attacks and strokes, and the implications of obesity. This quiz covers various concepts that are crucial for understanding heart health and associated conditions.

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