Questions and Answers
What is the main role of cholesterol in the body?
What lifestyle modification can effectively manage hypertension for cardiovascular health?
Which of the following is a common risk factor for coronary heart disease?
What effect does cigarette smoke have on endothelial cells?
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What is the primary benefit of regular aerobic physical activity for individuals at risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)?
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Which dietary approach is most effective when combined with sodium restriction to manage hypertension?
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What is considered a significant waist circumference measurement for diagnosing metabolic syndrome in men?
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What is the recommended minimum duration of moderate-intensity physical activity for adults per week to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the five criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD)?
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What dietary component is believed to inhibit cholesterol absorption in the intestine and increase cholesterol synthesis in the liver?
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Which type of fatty acids is known to decrease LDL cholesterol levels?
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What is the primary goal for individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) regarding LDL cholesterol?
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What lifestyle change is commonly recommended for managing both hypertension and body weight?
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What is the definition of hypertension based on blood pressure readings?
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Which of the following statements about trans fats is true?
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The National Cholesterol Education Program promotes which of the following approaches for lowering CHD risk?
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Which of the following is a significant dietary source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disorders Overview
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, affecting the heart and blood vessels.
- Atherosclerosis, a key contributor to CVD, involves the narrowing and hardening of arteries due to cholesterol and inflammation.
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
- Major non-modifiable risk factors include increasing age, male gender, and family history of premature heart disease.
- Major modifiable risk factors:
- High LDL cholesterol
- Low HDL cholesterol
- Hypertension and diabetes
- Obesity, physical inactivity, and cigarette smoking
- Poor dietary choices high in saturated fats
Impact of Cholesterol on CVD
- Elevated LDL cholesterol raises the risk for coronary heart disease; a 1% reduction in LDL correlates with a 1% reduction in CVD risk.
- Dietary interventions can help manage elevated LDL levels.
Effects of Cigarette Smoking
- Smoking damages endothelial cells, increases LDL cholesterol levels, and reduces HDL cholesterol, promoting plaque formation.
- Passive smoking exhibits similar detrimental effects on cardiovascular health.
Dietary Factors in LDL Clearance
- Phytosterols: Derived from plants; inhibit cholesterol absorption and promote liver cholesterol synthesis, found in fruits, legumes, and whole grains.
- Viscous Fibers: Soluble fibers, such as psyllium, help lower LDL by binding to bile acids to enhance cholesterol excretion, found in oats, fruits, and legumes.
- Soy Protein: Contains essential amino acids; may improve cardiovascular health.
- High-Protein Diets: The effect on CVD is debated; moderation is critical as they can be high in saturated fats.
Fatty Acids and CVD
- Different types of dietary fat impact cholesterol levels:
- Saturated fats: Increase LDL cholesterol.
- Monounsaturated fats: Neutral or decrease LDL cholesterol.
- Polyunsaturated fats: Decrease LDL cholesterol.
- Trans fats: Increase LDL and decrease HDL cholesterol.
- Omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish and flaxseed) prevent CVD by reducing triglycerides and inflammation.
National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines
- Prioritize dietary manipulation to manage hypercholesterolemia.
- Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) aim to lower LDL cholesterol to prevent CHD onset and recurrence.
Hypertension Overview
- Hypertension is defined as SBP > 140 mm Hg or DBP > 90 mm Hg, prevalent in African Americans and older adults.
- Key lifestyle factors: obesity, physical inactivity, high sodium intake, and smoking.
Treatment of Hypertension
- Weight reduction can lower blood pressure significantly (~1 mm Hg/kg lost).
- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) emphasize high fiber, potassium, and low sodium intake.
- Regular physical activity is crucial in managing blood pressure.
Benefits of Regular Physical Activity
- Engaging in aerobic activity improves numerous health markers: lowers triglycerides, increases HDL cholesterol, reduces blood pressure.
- Active individuals have a 50% lower risk of CHD compared to sedentary individuals; at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily is recommended.
Metabolic Syndrome
- Characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.
- Diagnosis defined by the presence of at least three components, including waist circumference and blood pressure metrics.
- The primary focus is reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
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Description
This quiz covers essential nutritional strategies for preventing and treating cardiovascular disorders. Participants will learn about risk factors for coronary heart disease, the role of fatty acids, and lifestyle modifications to manage hypertension. Gain insights into medical nutrition therapy and address nutritional challenges faced by clients with heart failure.
