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Questions and Answers
Which factors influence heart rate? (Select all that apply)
Which factors influence heart rate? (Select all that apply)
What is tachycardia?
What is tachycardia?
Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min)
Bradycardia refers to a heart rate slower than 60 beats/min.
Bradycardia refers to a heart rate slower than 60 beats/min.
True
What is the cause of congestive heart failure? (Select all that apply)
What is the cause of congestive heart failure? (Select all that apply)
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Match the following congenital heart defects with their descriptions:
Match the following congenital heart defects with their descriptions:
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What structural changes occur in the heart by day 35 of development?
What structural changes occur in the heart by day 35 of development?
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Study Notes
Factors Influencing Heart Rate
- Fetus has the fastest heart rate, which declines with age
- Females have a faster heart rate than males
- Exercise increases heart rate; trained athletes usually have a slower heart rate.
- Increased body temperature increases heart rate.
Heart Rate Conditions
- Tachycardia: Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats/min). Can lead to fibrillation if persistent.
- Bradycardia: Heart rate slower than 60 beats/min. May be desirable in endurance training. May lead to inadequate blood circulation in non-athletes.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Progressive condition where cardiac output is too low to meet tissue needs.
- Caused by weakened myocardium due to:
- Coronary Atherosclerosis: Buildup of fat-filled scar tissue in coronary arteries, obstructing blood flow.
- Blockage in Coronary Arteries: Impairs oxygen delivery to heart cells, weakening the heart and making it less efficient.
- Any factor that causes the ventricles to overfill can cause CHF. These include:
- Persistent High Blood Pressure (>90 mmHg): Places stress on the myocardium, leading to hypertrophy and weakness.
- Multiple Myocardial Infarcts: Damage to heart tissue, weakening its contractility.
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Enlarged, flabby ventricles with deteriorating myocardium.
- CHF can affect either side of the heart:
- Left-Sided Failure: Results in pulmonary congestion, leading to blood backing up in the lungs.
- Right-Sided Failure: Results in peripheral congestion, leading to blood pooling in body organs, causing edema.
- Both sides of the heart can be affected, ultimately weakening the entire heart.
- Treatment includes fluid removal and medications to reduce afterload and increase contractility.
Congenital Heart Defects:
- Most common birth defects (~40,000 per year).
- Corrected with surgery.
- Two main types:
- Mixing of Oxygen-Poor and Oxygen-Rich Blood: Occurs in septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus.
- Narrowed Valves or Vessels: Increased workload on heart, as in coarctation of the aorta
- Tetralogy of Fallot: Presents with both types of disorders.
Fetal Heart Structures
- Foramen Ovale: Opening connecting the atria, which closes at or shortly after birth. Present as fossa ovalis in adults.
- Ductus Arteriosus: Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta, closes at or shortly after birth. Present as ligamentum arteriosum in adults.
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Description
Explore the various factors that affect heart rate, including age, sex, and exercise. Learn about conditions such as tachycardia and bradycardia, and their implications on health. This quiz also covers congestive heart failure and its underlying causes.
