Cardiovascular Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

How is heavy alcohol intake related to cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

  • It decreases the risk of CVD.
  • It has no effect on CVD risk.
  • It is associated with an increased risk of CVD. (correct)
  • It improves cardiovascular health.

    • Which dietary pattern is linked to a decreased risk of CVD?

  • Consumption of processed meats.
  • High intake of refined carbohydrates.
  • A proinflammatory diet.
  • Adherence to the Mediterranean diet. (correct)

    • What is the effect of increased fruit and vegetable consumption on CVD risk?

  • It has no impact on CVD risk.
  • It only affects CVD risk in older adults.
  • It decreases CVD risk. (correct)
  • It increases CVD risk.

    • Which factor contributes to an increased risk of CVD according to the provided content?

    <p>Heavy alcohol intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of ischemic heart disease (IHD) cases are estimated to be caused by physical inactivity?

    <p>Approximately 6%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of physical inactivity as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is associated with weight gain and obesity?

    <p>Sugar-sweetened beverages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiovascular health?

    <p>It is associated with higher cardiovascular risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes unstable atherosclerotic plaques from stable ones?

    <p>Unstable plaques are vulnerable to rupture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily triggers plaque rupture?

    <p>Emotional or physical stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ischaemia is true?

    <p>Ischaemia results from inadequate circulation due to vessel occlusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of angina is characterized by a predictable pattern of symptoms?

    <p>Angina pectoris (stable)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ischaemic stroke primarily caused?

    <p>By a blockage of an artery to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines myocardial infarction?

    <p>Cell death due to prolonged ischaemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of unstable angina?

    <p>Pattern of symptoms changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is least likely to contribute to plaque rupture?

    <p>Low physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines claudication in peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Fatigue in muscles during exertion, relieved after rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of peripheral artery disease is characterized by pain at rest?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypertension according to the provided content?

    <p>Blood pressure levels of ≥140/90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol on cardiovascular disease risk?

    <p>It decreases the risk of CVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement is used to indicate visceral fat accumulation related to cardiometabolic risk?

    <p>Waist-to-hip ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a behavioral risk factor linked to cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about smoking's impact on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality?

    <p>30% of CVD mortality is attributable to smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does abdominal obesity specifically affect cardiovascular risk?

    <p>Visceral fat accumulation is most relevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the World Health Organisation Global Action Plan regarding cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Addressing four main health-related behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular disease type has the highest global prevalence?

    <p>Ischaemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly affects the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Australia?

    <p>Age and gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total expenditure in the Australian health system was attributed to cardiovascular disease in 2015-16?

    <p>9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death related to cardiovascular disease worldwide?

    <p>Ischaemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of an artery is closest to the lumen?

    <p>Intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic has the highest mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease in Australia?

    <p>Indigenous Australians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the death rate from ischaemic heart disease tend to increase?

    <p>From 40 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of exercise is related to cardiovascular function and disease outcomes?

    <p>Aerobic and resistance exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular disease is the largest proportion of cases but has the lowest burden?

    <p>Peripheral artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease does cardiovascular disease encompass?

    <p>A broad range of disorders of the heart and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease mortality in low and middle-income countries?

    <p>High prevalence of risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between exercise and blood pressure?

    <p>Regular exercise can lead to sustained reduction in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cardiac rehabilitation?

    <p>To reduce risk and foster healthy behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for exercise in cardiac patients?

    <p>Uncontrolled hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What frequency of aerobic exercise is recommended in exercise prescription?

    <p>Minimum 3 days per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended intensity range for aerobic exercise with a prior exercise test?

    <p>40%-80% of exercise capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which objective assessment is primarily used to evaluate cardiovascular function?

    <p>12-lead ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation, what is the recommended repetition range?

    <p>10-15 repetitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for cardiac rehabilitation?

    <p>Stable post myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines 'stable heart failure' in the context of exercise indications?

    <p>Regularly controlled symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered regarding heart rate for individuals without an exercise test during aerobic training?

    <p>Intensity is HRrest + 20 to + 30 beats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do psychosocial factors play in the assessment of cardiac rehabilitation candidates?

    <p>They provide insight into the support system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Diseases

    • Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are umbrella term for diseases of the heart and blood vessels
    • They are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with 422 million global cases.
    • World Health Organization (WHO) action plan is focused on 4 main behaviour risk factors: tobacco use, physical activity, diet, and alcohol.

    Prevalence and Mortality

    • Highest prevalence of CVD observed in low and middle-income countries (LMIC)
    • In LMIC countries, CVD accounts for ~70-80% of all deaths
    • High-income countries have seen a 40-80% decline in CVD mortality rates in recent years, but data from 2015 onwards suggests the trend has plateaued.

    Types of CVD

    • Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): High prevalence that increases with age, It is the leading cause of health loss globally.
    • Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Largest proportion of CVD cases but lowest burden

    CVD Deaths by Type

    • IHD is the leading cause of death worldwide.
    • Stroke has the highest prevalence and mortality rate in Oceania.

    CVD in Australia

    • 1.2 million (5.6%) Australians reported having at least one condition related to their heart or vascular system in 2017-18.
    • The prevalence of CVD is higher among men, individuals over 75 years old, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups and Indigenous Australians.
    • CVD mortality rates are 1.4x higher for males, 1.7x higher among Indigenous Australians, and increase with age, remoteness, and socioeconomic disadvantage.
    • IHD accounts for 42% of CVD deaths.
    • Stroke accounts for 20% of CVD deaths.
    • IHD is the leading cause of disease burden in Australian adults.
    • CVD accounted for 9% of total expenditure in the Australian health system in 2015-16 ($10.4 billion).

    Atherosclerosis

    • Atherosclerosis involves narrowing of arteries due to plaque formation.
    • An artery has three layers: intima (innermost), media (middle), and adventitia (outermost).
    • Atherosclerotic plaques can be either stable (static, slow growth) or unstable (vulnerable to rupture).

    Mechanisms of Plaque Rupture

    • Plaque rupture occurs in areas where the fibrous cap is thinnest.
    • It can occur spontaneously or be triggered by emotional or physical stress.

    Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)

    • Synonymous with coronary artery disease or coronary heart disease.
    • Ischaemia occurs when there is inadequate circulation to an area due to blood vessel occlusion.
    • There are two main forms of IHD:
      • Angina: Temporary chest pain or pressure during ischaemia. It can be stable (provoked by consistent levels of activity or stress), or unstable (changing pattern of symptoms).
      • Myocardial infarction (MI): Myocardial cell death due to prolonged ischaemia.

    Stroke

    • Damage or death of brain tissue due to loss of blood supply (cerebral infarction).
    • Two main types:
      • Ischaemic stroke: Blockage of artery to the brain (~80%).
      • Haemorrhagic stroke: Rupture of blood vessel in or around the brain (~20%).

    Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

    • Abnormal narrowing of arteries outside the heart or brain.
    • Claudication is characterized by reproducible muscle discomfort or fatigue during exertion that is relieved within 10 minutes of rest.
    • PAD severity can be classified based on signs and symptoms:
      • Stage 1: Asymptomatic
      • Stage 2: Intermittent claudication
      • Stage 3: Pain at rest
      • Stage 4: Gangrene, necrosis, tissue loss

    CVD Risk Factors

    • Risk factors can be categorized as non-modifiable or modifiable.
    • Over 70% of CVD worldwide is caused by modifiable risk factors.

    Modifiable Risk Factors

    • Metabolic: Blood pressure, diabetes, non-HDL cholesterol, abdominal obesity
    • Behavioural: Smoking, physical activity, diet, alcohol use
    • Strength: Grip strength is linked to health outcomes.
    • Environmental: Air pollution
    • Psychosocial and socioeconomic: Mental ill health, education, access to health care

    Blood Pressure and Blood Lipids

    • Hypertension: ≥140/90 mmHg, affecting 24% of men and 21% of women worldwide.
    • Strongest association with CVD.
    • Reducing BP lowers CVD risk in those with pre-existing hypertension.
    • Non-HDL Cholesterol: Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol
    • High non-HDL cholesterol associated with increased CVD risk.
    • Reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowers CVD risk.

    Obesity and Abdominal Obesity

    • BMI ≥ 25 is a risk factor for CVD.
    • Location of adiposity is important; accumulation visceral fat (around organs) associated with increased cardiometabolic risk.
    • Measured by waist-to-hip ratio and/or waist circumference.
    • Highest BMI and waist-hip ratios are found in high-income countries.

    Smoking and Alcohol Use

    • Smoking: Strong association with CVD, 30% of CVD mortality is attributable to smoking.
    • There is no safe lower limit for smoking.
    • Alcohol: Moderate alcohol consumption might offer modest benefits.
    • Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CVD.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the critical aspects of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including their prevalence, mortality rates, and types. It highlights the impact of CVD, particularly in low and middle-income countries, and examines various risk factors as noted by the World Health Organization. Dive into the statistics and understand the leading causes of CVD deaths globally.

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