Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)

Definition and Types

• Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels.
• Types of CVDs:
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD): damage to coronary arteries, leading to heart attacks.
  • Cerebrovascular disease: damage to blood vessels in the brain, leading to stroke.
  • Peripheral artery disease: damage to blood vessels in the legs and arms.
  • Heart failure: inability of the heart to pump enough blood.
  • Hypertension: high blood pressure.
  • Cardiomyopathy: disease of the heart muscle.
  • Heart valve disease: malfunction of heart valves.

Risk Factors

• Non-modifiable:
  • Age: risk increases with age.
  • Family history: genetic predisposition.
  • Sex: males are at higher risk than females.
• Modifiable:
  • Smoking: tobacco use increases risk.
  • Physical inactivity: lack of exercise.
  • Unhealthy diet: high intake of saturated fats, sodium, and added sugars.
  • Obesity: excess body weight.
  • High blood pressure: hypertension.
  • High cholesterol: elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
  • Diabetes: high blood sugar levels.
  • Stress: chronic stress can increase risk.

Signs and Symptoms

• Chest pain or discomfort (angina).
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
• Fatigue.
• Dizziness or lightheadedness.
• Palpitations or irregular heartbeat.
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet.
• Pain or numbness in the legs or arms.

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Diagnosis: medical history, physical examination, blood tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and imaging tests (e.g., MRI, CT scan).
• Treatment:
  • Lifestyle modifications: healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and smoking cessation.
  • Medications: to control blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels.
  • Angioplasty: opening blocked arteries using a balloon or stent.
  • Bypass surgery: redirecting blood flow around blocked arteries.
  • Heart transplantation: in severe cases.

Prevention

• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Engage in regular physical activity.
• Eat a balanced diet low in saturated fats, sodium, and added sugars.
• Manage stress.
• Quit smoking.
• Limit alcohol consumption.
• Get regular check-ups to monitor blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels.