Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)

Study Notes

Definition and Types

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels.
Types of CVDs:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD): damage to coronary arteries, leading to heart attacks.
- Cerebrovascular disease: damage to blood vessels in the brain, leading to stroke.
- Peripheral artery disease: damage to blood vessels in the legs and arms.
- Heart failure: inability of the heart to pump enough blood.
- Hypertension: high blood pressure.
- Cardiomyopathy: disease of the heart muscle.
- Heart valve disease: malfunction of heart valves.

Risk Factors

Non-modifiable:
- Age: risk increases with age.
- Family history: genetic predisposition.
- Sex: males are at higher risk than females.
Modifiable:
- Smoking: tobacco use increases risk.
- Physical inactivity: lack of exercise.
- Unhealthy diet: high intake of saturated fats, sodium, and added sugars.
- Obesity: excess body weight.
- High blood pressure: hypertension.
- High cholesterol: elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
- Diabetes: high blood sugar levels.
- Stress: chronic stress can increase risk.

Signs and Symptoms

Chest pain or discomfort (angina).
Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
Fatigue.
Dizziness or lightheadedness.
Palpitations or irregular heartbeat.
Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet.
Pain or numbness in the legs or arms.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis: medical history, physical examination, blood tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and imaging tests (e.g., MRI, CT scan).
Treatment:
- Lifestyle modifications: healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and smoking cessation.
- Medications: to control blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels.
- Angioplasty: opening blocked arteries using a balloon or stent.
- Bypass surgery: redirecting blood flow around blocked arteries.
- Heart transplantation: in severe cases.

Prevention

Maintain a healthy weight.
Engage in regular physical activity.
Eat a balanced diet low in saturated fats, sodium, and added sugars.
Manage stress.
Quit smoking.
Limit alcohol consumption.
Get regular check-ups to monitor blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels.

Description

Learn about the different types of cardiovascular diseases, their risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods. Improve your understanding of heart health and take control of your well-being.