Cardiovascular Disease and Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) or heart disease

Carotid artery disease

<p>The generalized inflammation caused by COVID-19 can damage heart muscle tissue, cause blood clots to form, and directly infect heart cells, worsening heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the inner lining of arteries, leading to their narrowing and hardening. It occurs through the accumulation of fatty deposits, inflammatory cells, and fibrous tissue in the artery walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is considered 'good' cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is considered 'bad' cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells, potentially building up in the artery walls and contributing to atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries in the kidneys, eyes, and legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood flow to the brain and formation of clots that can cause a stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it causes affected arteries to thicken and lose their flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chylomicron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart disease (CAD), approximately 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It conveys lipids away from tissues and to the liver for processing and elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transports lipids to tissues for use in cell structures and vital compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic process where the arterial lining is irritated, leading to inflammation and the deposition of cholesterol, fat, and other substances under the lining, forming plaque that narrows and blocks the artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it is an oversimplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation stimulates healing, but it also triggers certain cells to deposit cholesterol under the artery's lining, leading to the formation of plaque.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A healthy artery has a smooth lining, while an atherosclerotic artery has a rough lining with plaque that narrows and blocks the artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must work harder to circulate blood through abnormally stiff arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thrombus is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow, partially or completely blocking an artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A myocardial infarction (heart attack) occurs, leading to tissue death and potentially sudden death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain cells that are nourished by the blocked vessel die, leading to a stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue in the extremity dies, leading to gangrene, and potentially requiring amputation to prevent life-threatening infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood clotting prevents excessive bleeding and potential death from a minor injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>COVID-19 can cause heart failure in people with no history of cardiovascular disease, and researchers need to determine the short- and long-term effects of the virus on the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidized lipids carried by LDL cholesterol are taken up by arterial cells that form plaque.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cigarette smoking increases the production of oxidized LDL cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidized HDL cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VLDL carries a larger amount of triglycerides than cholesterol, while LDL carries more cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive alcohol and refined carbohydrate intake stimulate VLDL production in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having multiple risk factors increases the likelihood of developing CVD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men are more likely to develop atherosclerosis after age 45, and women after age 55.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics can code for physical conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, and influence the response to diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidized LDL cholesterol promotes inflammation and atherosclerosis when it binds to the walls of arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some forms of HDL may transport oxidized cholesterol, which is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B vitamins (B-6, B-12, and folate) help convert homocysteine into safer compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated blood levels of homocysteine may injure arterial walls and contribute to atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension is referred to as a 'silent disease' because people with the condition frequently feel healthy and do not have obvious symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess body fat, especially in the abdominal region, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco use increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, and exposure to secondhand smoke is also a risk factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, excess body fat, and physical inactivity, can be influenced by diet and exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People with metabolic syndrome have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High intakes of sodium are associated with an increased risk of hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated blood lipids, particularly certain lipoproteins, are a risk factor for atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifiable risk factors, such as tobacco use and physical inactivity, can be changed to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By causing physical changes in the body that can damage arteries, and leading to unhealthy lifestyle choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A risk factor increases the chances of developing the disease, but is not the sole cause, whereas a cause is the primary reason for the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain an accurate measurement of usual blood lipoprotein levels, as levels can be elevated for a few hours after eating or drinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To check blood pressure and blood flow in the carotid arteries, and to assess lipid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum is the liquid portion of blood, whereas plasma is similar to serum but contains clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce or eliminate modifiable risk factors and forestall cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By listening to blood flow in the carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To live a longer, more satisfying life and forestall cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers