30 Questions
Immunosuppressants increase the risk of reactivation of tuberculosis (TB).
True
Opportunistic infections are more likely to occur in individuals taking immunosuppressants.
True
Individuals taking immunosuppressants can receive live vaccines without any concerns.
False
TNF-a inhibitors work by blocking the binding of TNF-alpha to its receptors.
True
Pain on the injection site is a possible side effect of TNF-a inhibitors.
True
Azathioprine inhibits purine synthesis, which decreases the DNA and RNA synthesis of white blood cells.
True
Low-molecular weight heparin is used for the treatment of acute DVT with or without PE (inpatient).
False
Warfarin prevents the formation of vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.
True
The target INR for patients on warfarin is 2-3.
True
S-warfarin is a less potent inhibitor than R-warfarin.
False
Warfarin-induced skin necrosis is a possible side effect of warfarin.
True
The effect of warfarin can be reversed.
True
True or false: Factor Xa inhibitors interfere with primary hematosis?
False
True or false: Apixaban is dosed based on creatinine, age, and weight?
True
True or false: Dabigatran prevents thrombin-induced platelet aggregation?
True
True or false: Clopidogrel needs to be activated by CYP2C19?
True
True or false: Prasugrel should not be used in patients with a history of stroke?
True
True or false: Aspirin-Dipyridamole is used for primary stroke prevention?
False
Hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolate mofetil are immune modulators used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and prevent organ rejection.
True
Hydroxychloroquine has been proven to be effective against COVID-19.
False
Hydroxychloroquine increases the pH in parasites to interfere with the degradation of hemoglobin in the blood.
True
Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits an enzyme required for DNA synthesis in B and T-cells, leading to a decreased immune response.
True
Calcineurin inhibitors, like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, work by inhibiting interleukin-2 production, which activates T-cell maturation.
True
Tacrolimus is used to treat dry eyes.
False
True or false: Angina is caused by reduced blood flow due to plaque in blood vessels.
True
True or false: Unstable angina can occur during rest.
True
True or false: Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by severe atherosclerosis, low blood pressure, and poor profusion of the heart muscle.
True
True or false: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) occurs when the heart cannot supply enough blood to the body.
True
True or false: Cardiac Arrhythmias are irregular heartbeats.
True
True or false: Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used for hypertension and angina.
True
Study Notes
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Drugs: Key Points
- Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow due to plaque in blood vessels.
- Stable angina goes away with rest, while unstable angina can occur during rest.
- Myocardial Infarction (MI) is caused by severe atherosclerosis, low blood pressure, and poor profusion of the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain, sweating, and shortness of breath.
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) occurs when the heart cannot supply enough blood to the body, leading to a backlog of blood in the left atrium and congestion in the lungs.
- Cardiac Arrhythmias are irregular heartbeats, while Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) is a quivering of the atria.
- Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used for hypertension and angina. Increasing the dose can worsen angina and increase the risk of MI.
- DHP CCB (Nifedipine, Felodipine) and Non-DHP CCB (Diltiazem, Verapamil) are different types of calcium channel blockers.
- Short-acting B2 agonists like Albuterol and Levalbuterol are used as rescue inhalers for asthma and bronchospasms.
- Inhaled corticosteroids like Budesonide and Fluticasone are used as maintenance inhalers for asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- COMBO corticosteroid + B2 agonist inhalers like Mometasone-Formoterol and Fluticasone-Salmeterol are used for COPD and asthma.
- Anticholinergics like Ipratropium and Tiotropium are used for COPD and rhinorrhea, but caution is needed in certain conditions.
- Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic agent used for type 1 allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. It stimulates a1 and b2 receptors to increase heart rate and bronchodilation.
- Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used to treat angina. It is a prodrug that is converted to nitric oxide, causing muscle relaxation and vein dilation.
Test your knowledge on cardiovascular and respiratory drugs with this quiz. Learn key points about angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and various types of medications used to treat these conditions. Challenge yourself with questions on calcium channel blockers, beta agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, anticholinergics, sympathomimetic agents, and vasodilators.
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