Cardiovascular Anatomy Quiz

Cardiovascular Anatomy

• Heart: Primary organ of the circulatory system
• Adult Heart Rate: ~70 (60-90) beats per minute
• Heart Weight: ~300 grams (males), ~250 grams (females)
• Heart Size: Approximately the size of a fist
• Heart Structure: Cardiac muscle, cardiac nervous tissue, protective epithelial and connective tissues
• Heart Function: Double-sided pump, pumping blood to the lungs and the body
• Heart Chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
• Heart Valves: Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve
• Superior Vena Cava: Receives deoxygenated blood from the upper body
• Inferior Vena Cava: Receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body
• Pulmonary Artery: Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• Pulmonary Vein: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs
• Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
• Interventricular Septum: Separates the left and the right ventricles
• Pericardium: Membrane surrounding the heart, protecting and anchoring it, reducing friction.

Chambers of the Heart

• Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body (superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus)
• Right Ventricle: Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs
• Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (pulmonary veins)
• Left Ventricle: Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body

Heart Valves

• Atrioventricular Valves: Tricuspid (between right atrium and ventricle) and Bicuspid (between left atrium and ventricle) ; Prevent backflow of blood into atria during ventricular contraction
• Semilunar Valves: Aortic (between left ventricle and aorta) and Pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery); Prevent backflow of blood into ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole).

Cardiac Cycle

• Events from one heartbeat to the next: Includes isovolumetric relaxation, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole
• Systole: Contraction phase of the heart
• Diastole: Relaxation phase of the heart

Cardiac Innervation

• Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic system increases heart rate, contractility, and conduction speed; Parasympathetic system slows heart rate and decreases contractility
• Sinoatrial Node: Pacemaker of the heart, generates the sinus rhythm
• Atrioventricular Node: Collects impulses from the atria and transmits them down the conduction pathway
• Atrioventricular Bundle: Transmits the impulse down the way
• Purkinje Fibers: Take impulses into the ventricular myocardium

Heart Wall Structure

• **Epicardium:**Outer layer of the heart wall-Visceral layer of the serous pericardium; contains coronary vessels
• Myocardium: Muscular middle layer responsible for heart's pumping action.
• Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, and connective tissue/endothelium

Heart Wall Structures - Specializations

• Trabeculae Carneae: Irregular muscular columns in the ventricles for increased muscular contraction
• Pectinate Muscles: Muscular ridges in the atria, for increased contractile force

Blood Vessels & Arteries

• Coronary Arteries: Supply blood to the heart muscle
• Right Coronary Artery: Feeds the right side of the heart
• Left Coronary Artery: Feeds the left side of the heart.
• Arteries: Provide nutrients to the heart

Coronary Veins

• Thebesian Veins: Small, valveless veins within the heart that drain into the coronary sinus
• Coronary Sinus: Drains into the right atrium
• Tributaries: Great Cardiac Vein, Small Cardiac Vein, Middle Cardiac Vein, Posterior Cardiac Vein

Additional Information

• Mediastinum: Central compartment of the thoracic cavity, contains heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, lymph nodes.

Stent Surgery

• Procedure to open blocked coronary arteries

Heart's Nutrition

• Coronary Arteries provide Oxygen-rich blood to nourish heart muscle

Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular system with this quiz focused on heart anatomy and functions. Explore details about heart structure, chambers, and valves. Perfect for students studying biology or medicine.