Cardiovascular Anatomy Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)?

  • Increases blood pressure
  • Transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion (correct)
  • Stimulates insulin production
  • Transports cholesterol to tissues in the body

    • What condition is characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries?

  • Peripheral artery disease
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) (correct)
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Atherosclerosis

    • What procedure involves the use of a catheter to reduce blockage in coronary arteries?

  • Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (correct)
  • Coronary artery bypass grafting
  • Electrophysiology study
  • Heart valve replacement

    • Which lipoprotein exerts beneficial effects on the arterial wall?

    <p>High-density lipoprotein (HDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of atherosclerosis in relation to coronary arteries?

    <p>Development of fatty plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of metabolic syndrome?

    <p>Increased HDL levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure drains the myocardium of the heart?

    <p>Coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to arteries during ventricular contraction?

    <p>They become compressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the formation of a vulnerable plaque?

    <p>It may lead to thrombus formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a thick fibrous cap affect the stability of a plaque?

    <p>It stabilizes the plaque against stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical state can atherosclerosis lead to if plaques rupture?

    <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood flow when plaques enlarge and vessel narrowing occurs?

    <p>Blood flow decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur as a result of ongoing inflammation in a plaque?

    <p>The lipid core may grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a potential consequence of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Increase in blood flow to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fibrous tissue in atherosclerosis?

    <p>It contributes to plaque stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur as a direct result of thrombus formation following plaque rupture?

    <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major criterion for diagnosing Sydenham Chorea?

    <p>Evidence of Group A Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary assessments for a patient with suspected rheumatic fever?

    <p>Chest X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with the reduced cardiac output in rheumatic heart disease?

    <p>Syncope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ECG finding is most commonly associated with Sydenham Chorea?

    <p>1° AV Block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically linked to an initial streptococcal infection?

    <p>Chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test can provide evidence of a previous streptococcal infection?

    <p>Serology for anti-streptolysin O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment approach is critical after a diagnosis of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Eradicate the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom reflects impaired heart valve function in a patient with rheumatic fever?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering an initial course of antibiotics in primary prophylaxis?

    <p>To eradicate streptococcal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended regimen for secondary prophylaxis against rheumatic heart disease?

    <p>An injection of benzathine penicillin G every 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes primordial prophylaxis?

    <p>Focusing on socio-economic development to improve hygiene and living conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In areas where rheumatic fever is endemic, how often should patients with residual carditis receive benzathine penicillin G?

    <p>Every 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant consequence of not implementing prevention strategies for rheumatic heart disease?

    <p>Higher rates of sudden cardiac death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group of professionals is recommended to continue antibiotic prophylaxis indefinitely?

    <p>Healthcare workers and daycare workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of primary prophylaxis against rheumatic heart disease?

    <p>Sustaining overall health in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is critical for the prevention strategies to be sustainable in developing nations?

    <p>Economic growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Ross procedure?

    <p>To treat aortic valve disease by using the patient's pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique has recently become popular for valve repair?

    <p>Percutaneous ballooning technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of leaflet resection?

    <p>To restore normal shape and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in the Bentall procedure?

    <p>Replacement of both the aortic valve and ascending aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with the Bentall procedure?

    <p>Bleeding and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dictates the need for valve replacement?

    <p>When valvuloplasty is not suitable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are coronary arteries managed during the Bentall procedure?

    <p>They are re-attached to a graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy do patients typically require after valve surgery?

    <p>Anticoagulation therapy when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Anatomy and Pathophysiology

    • Circumflex Artery: Supplies blood to the heart muscles; includes posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery.
    • Myocardial Blood Drainage: Cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium.
    • High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): Transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion; has a beneficial effect on arterial walls.
    • Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): Transports cholesterol to body tissues; can contribute to cardiovascular disease risk factors.

    Metabolic Syndrome and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    • Metabolic Syndrome: Cluster of conditions (insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension) that increase cardiovascular disease risk.
    • CAD: Characterized by narrowing/blocking of coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.
    • Atherosclerosis: Abnormal lipid accumulation in arterial walls; affects blood flow and can cause high blood pressure and chest pain.

    Acute Coronary Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction

    • Plaque Rupture Sequence: Vulnerable plaque can rupture, forming a thrombus that obstructs blood flow and may lead to acute myocardial infarction (MI).
    • Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Events: Includes high blood pressure, chest pain, and low HDL levels.

    Clinical Signs and Assessment Findings

    • Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms, dyspnea, fatigue, syncope, palpitation; often linked to rheumatic fever or streptococcal infections.
    • Assessment Findings: May include prolonged PR interval, leukocytosis, ECG changes, and echocardiogram findings indicating valvular dysfunction.

    Medical Management Strategies

    • Infection Control: Strategies include primary and secondary prophylaxis with antibiotics post-rheumatic fever to prevent valve damage.
    • Preventive Measures: Focus on reducing exposure to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) through socioeconomic development and hygiene improvements.

    Surgical Interventions

    • Ross Procedure: Involves replacing a diseased aortic valve with the patient’s pulmonary valve and using a donor valve for the pulmonary position.
    • Leaflet Resection: Removes damaged valve tissue to restore normal shape and function, often targeting the mitral valve.
    • Bentall Procedure: Replaces the aortic valve, the ascending aorta, and reattaches coronary arteries to a synthetic graft, ensuring blood supply to the heart.

    Post-Surgical Care

    • Anticoagulation Therapy: Required depending on the type of valve replacement and patient conditions; critical for preventing blood clots.
    • Long-term Outcomes: With proper care following complex surgeries like the Bentall procedure, many patients achieve good outcomes.

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    MEDSURG PRELIMS_Cardiovascular (1) PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the cardiovascular system with a focus on key arteries such as the circumflex and posterior interventricular arteries. Learn about the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in cholesterol transport and its significance in heart function. This quiz targets essential anatomy and physiology concepts related to heart health.

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