Cardiopulmonary II: Cardiovascular Examination Procedures

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What is the purpose of the Capillary Refill Time Test (CRTT)?

To assess for 5 P’s: pain, paresthesia's, paralysis, pulse, pallor

To assess the strength of peripheral pulses

To check for signs of inflammation or infection

To screen for poor peripheral circulation (correct)

What does a positive finding in the Capillary Refill Time Test (CRTT) indicate?

Wounds indicative of inflammation or infection

Normal peripheral circulation

Poor peripheral circulation (correct)

Increased pulse strength

Which of the following is NOT a way to assess peripheral pulses?

Ulnar

Radial

Axillary (correct)

Temporal

What is the grading for pulses that are palpable but diminished?

Grade 1+ Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible indicators of inflammation or infection during circulation assessment?

Warmth and increased pulse strength Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical example indicates poor peripheral circulation?

Pallor of the third, fourth, and fifth digits of the right hand; digits are cold to touch; capillary refill. Signup and view all the answers

Which area should be palpated to assess for visible pulsations outside of the norms?

Right Ventricular Area Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of assessing the integrity of valve closure as related to the cardiac cycle?

To evaluate the function of the heart valves Signup and view all the answers

During which part of the cardiac cycle is the 1st heart sound (S1) produced?

Beginning of systole Signup and view all the answers

Where is the S2 heart sound best heard?

At the pulmonic valve, 2nd L intercostal space Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an additional heart sound S3?

Normal in children but indicates cardiomyopathy or CHF in adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure for listening for S2 'dub' during heart sounds assessment?

Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over each of the 4 valvular regions with light pressure Signup and view all the answers

What does a systolic murmur indicate?

Turbulence of blood flow through aortic stenosis Signup and view all the answers

At which area is thrills observed?

Aortic Area Signup and view all the answers

Where is S4 heard?

Apex of heart, 5th ICS midclavicular line Signup and view all the answers

What promotes the synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane?

Influx of Ca++ Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an action potential reaches the end of the axon terminal and changes the voltage?

Influx of Ca++ into the axon terminal Signup and view all the answers

In which type of synapse can local potentials degrade more by the time they reach the trigger zone?

Axodendritic Signup and view all the answers

Which ion channel activation leads to the generation of a synaptic potential?

Chemical activation Signup and view all the answers

What type of processes can cause changes in efficacy at the synapse?

Intrinsic and extrinsic processes Signup and view all the answers

Which class of chemical receptors indirectly controls ion influx and uses secondary messengers?

Metabotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter/receptor dysfunction is associated with Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine D2 receptor dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

How does dysfunction of the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M2 lead to asthma symptoms?

It causes hyperactive constriction of airway smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between depolarization and hyperpolarization?

Depolarization causes excitation and makes it more likely to send an action potential (AP), while hyperpolarization causes inhibition and makes it less likely that an AP will fire. Signup and view all the answers

How do local potentials differ from action potentials?

Local potentials can be positive or negative, decay over space and time, and will sum both spatially and temporally in an effort to bring the resting membrane potential (RMP) to threshold, while action potentials do not degrade as they are propagated down the axon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the action potential 'jumps' down the axon from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier known as?

Propagation Signup and view all the answers

What relates to the extreme electrical activity at the nodes of Ranvier?

Speed of conduction Signup and view all the answers