27 Questions
What is the purpose of the Capillary Refill Time Test (CRTT)?
To screen for poor peripheral circulation
What does a positive finding in the Capillary Refill Time Test (CRTT) indicate?
Poor peripheral circulation
Which of the following is NOT a way to assess peripheral pulses?
Axillary
What is the grading for pulses that are palpable but diminished?
Grade 1+
What are the possible indicators of inflammation or infection during circulation assessment?
Warmth and increased pulse strength
Which clinical example indicates poor peripheral circulation?
Pallor of the third, fourth, and fifth digits of the right hand; digits are cold to touch; capillary refill.
Which area should be palpated to assess for visible pulsations outside of the norms?
Right Ventricular Area
What is the purpose of assessing the integrity of valve closure as related to the cardiac cycle?
To evaluate the function of the heart valves
During which part of the cardiac cycle is the 1st heart sound (S1) produced?
Beginning of systole
Where is the S2 heart sound best heard?
At the pulmonic valve, 2nd L intercostal space
What is the significance of an additional heart sound S3?
Normal in children but indicates cardiomyopathy or CHF in adults
What is the procedure for listening for S2 'dub' during heart sounds assessment?
Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over each of the 4 valvular regions with light pressure
What does a systolic murmur indicate?
Turbulence of blood flow through aortic stenosis
At which area is thrills observed?
Aortic Area
Where is S4 heard?
Apex of heart, 5th ICS midclavicular line
What promotes the synaptic vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane?
Influx of Ca++
What happens when an action potential reaches the end of the axon terminal and changes the voltage?
Influx of Ca++ into the axon terminal
In which type of synapse can local potentials degrade more by the time they reach the trigger zone?
Axodendritic
Which ion channel activation leads to the generation of a synaptic potential?
Chemical activation
What type of processes can cause changes in efficacy at the synapse?
Intrinsic and extrinsic processes
Which class of chemical receptors indirectly controls ion influx and uses secondary messengers?
Metabotropic receptors
What neurotransmitter/receptor dysfunction is associated with Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine D2 receptor dysfunction
How does dysfunction of the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M2 lead to asthma symptoms?
It causes hyperactive constriction of airway smooth muscles
What is the primary difference between depolarization and hyperpolarization?
Depolarization causes excitation and makes it more likely to send an action potential (AP), while hyperpolarization causes inhibition and makes it less likely that an AP will fire.
How do local potentials differ from action potentials?
Local potentials can be positive or negative, decay over space and time, and will sum both spatially and temporally in an effort to bring the resting membrane potential (RMP) to threshold, while action potentials do not degrade as they are propagated down the axon.
What is the process by which the action potential 'jumps' down the axon from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier known as?
Propagation
What relates to the extreme electrical activity at the nodes of Ranvier?
Speed of conduction
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular examination procedures with Dr. Elizabeth Narducci, PT, DPT, PhD. This quiz covers general observation, inspection, assessment of color, temperature, circulation, peripheral pulses, capillary refill, and assessment for the 5 P's (pain, paresthesia's, paralysis, pulse, pallor) indicative of blood flow.
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