Cardiopulmonary Conditions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which symptoms are commonly associated with superficial thrombophlebitis?

  • Sudden shortness of breath and chest pain
  • Pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and tenderness (correct)
  • Rapid breathing and fainting
  • Blue or black skin and foul-smelling discharge

What is the primary treatment for pulmonary embolism?

  • Warm compresses and anti-inflammatory medications
  • Intravenous heparin and possibly a vena cava filter (correct)
  • Antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen therapy
  • Support stockings

What condition arises from pressure and pain due to bleeding or swelling within a muscle compartment?

  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Raynaud's syndrome
  • Compartment syndrome (correct)
  • Gangrene

Which of the following treatments is appropriate for gangrene?

<p>Pain medication and surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Raynaud's syndrome?

<p>Reduced blood flow to fingers and toes due to cold or stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypotension occurs due to a sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from lying down to sitting or standing?

<p>Orthostatic (postural) hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of pulmonary embolism?

<p>Tissue death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cardiac rehabilitation phase 1, what should the focus be on?

<p>Monitoring vital signs and educating on heart precautions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with left ventricular dysfunction in congestive heart failure?

<p>Shortness of breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by narrowed arteries that supply blood to the limbs?

<p>Peripheral artery disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk of untreated peripheral artery disease?

<p>Gangrene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of endocarditis?

<p>Weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of infections typically cause myocarditis?

<p>Viral, bacterial, or fungal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does right ventricular dysfunction manifest in patients?

<p>Peripheral edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment method for managing serious wounds in patients?

<p>Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves an infection in the inner lining of the heart?

<p>Endocarditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-controllable risk factor contributes to heart disease?

<p>Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position can assist with breathing for obese individuals?

<p>Side-lying with the upper trunk elevated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an elevated level of troponin used to diagnose?

<p>Myocardial infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical MET range for early activity after a myocardial infarction?

<p>1-2 METs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stable angina is typically relieved by which of the following?

<p>Rest or medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by reduced blood flow due to narrowed vessels?

<p>Coronary artery disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperinflated lungs in individuals with asthma can lead to which of the following physical changes?

<p>Barrel chest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unstable angina is associated with which characteristic?

<p>Occurs without physical exertion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from excess fluid building up in the pericardium and placing pressure on the heart?

<p>Cardiac tamponade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant precaution for patients after undergoing open heart surgery?

<p>Avoid raising elbows above shoulders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an angioplasty procedure?

<p>To open blocked arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided for patients with a pacemaker during the first few weeks post-procedure?

<p>Lifting over 10lbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)?

<p>To help the heart pump blood during end-stage heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) primarily be cautious about?

<p>Blood clot formation in deep veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity should be limited for a patient using an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)?

<p>High-resistance exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the precautions for patients after an atherectomy procedure?

<p>Restricting movement to prevent complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What MET level categorizes light activities?

<p>6 METs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves damage to the alveolar walls and inflammation of the airways?

<p>Emphysema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of chronic bronchitis?

<p>Severe coughing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of recovery involves less therapy supervision and activities in community settings?

<p>Phase 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can cause SOB, pinkish skin, and is related to damaged air sacs?

<p>Emphysema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ARDS stand for?

<p>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of cystic fibrosis?

<p>Mucus buildup and SOB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of pulmonary rehabilitation would weight training typically start?

<p>2-4 weeks in Phase 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a respiratory symptom associated with the specified conditions?

<p>Cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood pressure range considered healthy?

<p>120/80 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise is contraindicated for a person with hypertension?

<p>Isometric exercises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of rehabilitation for patients with chronic respiratory issues?

<p>Facilitate strength and mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of left-sided congestive heart failure primarily include which of the following?

<p>Difficulty breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Phase I of cardiac rehabilitation, what is the primary focus during the evaluation?

<p>Close monitoring and self-care ADLs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what MET level do patients transition from Phase I to Phase II in cardiac rehabilitation?

<p>3.5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medications is commonly prescribed to help clear mucus from the airway?

<p>Iodides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following risk factors is not associated with respiratory issues?

<p>Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target range for mean arterial pressure to ensure adequate blood flow?

<p>70-110 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Reduced blood/oxygen to heart muscle. Treatment aims to limit damage, relieve pain, and prevent clotting.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Reduced blood flow to the heart, often due to atherosclerosis (narrowed vessels).

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain due to reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, especially during exertion.

Stable Angina

Chest pain relieved by rest or medication, triggered by exertion or stress.

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Unstable Angina

Dangerous chest pain that doesn't improve with rest or medication.

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Troponin

Protein released when the heart muscle is damaged; a key marker for acute heart attack.

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Heart Disease Risk Factors (Controllable)

Factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, and stress that can increase the risk of heart disease.

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Heart Disease Risk Factors (Non-Controllable)

Factors like age, family history, and gender that cannot be changed but increase the risk of heart disease.

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Congestive Heart Failure

Condition where the heart's ventricles are impaired, leading to fluid buildup.

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Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Impaired left ventricle function causing fatigue, shortness of breath, and lung fluid.

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Right Ventricular Dysfunction

Impaired right ventricle function causing swelling in legs/feet or abdomen.

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Peripheral Artery Disease

Narrowed arteries in limbs and pelvis, affecting blood flow.

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Intermittent Claudication

Muscle pain and cramping during walking due to reduced blood flow.

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Endocarditis

Bacterial infection of the heart's inner lining.

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Myocarditis

Inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by infections.

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Cardiomyopathy

A group of heart muscle diseases affecting the heart's pumping/electrical function.

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Pericarditis

Inflammation of the protective sac around the heart.

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Cardiac Tamponade

Excess fluid in the pericardium, putting pressure on the heart.

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Open-heart surgery (CABG)

Surgical repair of blocked arteries in the heart.

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Sternal Precautions

Post-surgery limits on lifting and arm movements to protect the breastbone.

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Angioplasty

Minimally invasive procedure to open blocked arteries.

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Pacemaker Precautions

Post-installation limitations on activity, lifting and arm movements.

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Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)

Device that helps the heart pump blood, used in end-stage heart failure.

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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg.

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Superficial thrombophlebitis

Blood clots in veins under the skin, usually in arm, leg, or groin.

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Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Blood clot travels to lungs, blocking blood flow.

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Compartment syndrome

Bleeding or swelling in a muscle compartment, causing pressure and pain.

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Gangrene

Tissue death due to lack of blood supply; blue/black skin, severe pain, numbness.

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Raynaud's syndrome

Reduced blood flow to fingers/toes, often due to cold or stress.

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Orthostatic hypotension

Sudden drop in blood pressure when changing positions (lying to standing).

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Postprandial orthostatic hypotension

Blood pressure drops after standing up, especially after eating.

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Neutrally mediated hypotension

Blood pressure drops after standing for a long time; common in young & children.

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MET Levels

A measure of the energy expenditure of an activity, used to help patients gradually increase activity levels after illness or injury.

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Light Activities

Activities that require less than 6 METs, such as walking slowly, light housework, or showering.

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COPD

A lung condition causing damage to the air sacs and inflammation in the airways, leading to difficulty breathing.

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Emphysema

A type of COPD where air sacs are damaged or ruptured, leading to reduced lung capacity.

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Chronic Bronchitis

A type of COPD characterized by long-term inflammation of the airways, causing difficulty breathing (dyspnea).

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A severe lung condition caused by inflammation or injury, leading to fluid buildup.

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Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)

Lung disorders that cause scarring in the tissue around the air sacs.

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Cystic Fibrosis

An inherited disorder causing severe damage to lungs, digestive system, and other organs, resulting in thick mucus buildup.

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What are the most common symptoms of heart disease?

Shortness of breath (dyspnea), fatigue, cough, anxiety, and depression.

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Name 3 risk factors for heart disease.

Smoking, air pollution, chemical exposure, and dust.

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What type of medicine helps relax the muscles surrounding the airway?

Bronchodilators.

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What is the main purpose of cardiac rehab?

To improve strength, endurance, mobility, and help patients learn about managing their condition.

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What is the normal blood pressure range?

Around 120/80 mmHg.

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What does 'isotonic' exercise mean?

Exercises involving movement while applying a constant amount of weight.

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What does 'isometric' exercise mean?

Static exercises where you contract a muscle while holding a position.

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What is the difference between the right and left sides of the heart?

The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

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What are the symptoms of right-sided congestive heart failure?

Blue (cyanotic) nail beds, jaundice, and lower leg edema.

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What are the symptoms of left-sided congestive heart failure?

Difficulty breathing, anxiety, and cerebral hypoxia.

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Study Notes

Cardiopulmonary Conditions: Heart Conditions

  • Heart disease risk factors include non-controllable (age, family history, gender) and controllable factors (smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, stress).
  • Asthma can cause a barrel chest in children due to hyperinflated lungs.
  • Breathing improvement techniques include leaning forward, placing forearms on thighs, and pursed-lip breathing.
  • Obese individuals may benefit from side-lying with the entire upper trunk elevated for better breathing.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

  • MI (heart attack) involves reduced blood/oxygen to the heart muscle.
  • Treatment focuses on limiting damage, relieving pain, and preventing clot formation.
  • Early activity after acute MI is limited to 1-2 METs initially, gradually increasing to 2-4 METs for home exercise programs.
  • Heart healing after MI takes 4-8 weeks.
  • Troponin (a protein released when the heart is damaged) is a diagnostic marker for acute MI.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

  • CAD is ischemic disease (reduced or blocked blood flow to part of the body).
  • Atherosclerosis is a common cause of CAD, narrowing vessels over time.
  • Angina pectoris is a complication of CAD.
  • Angina is chest pain related to increased activity demands due to decreased blood supply to the heart muscle.
  • Stable angina is relieved by rest or medication (e.g., nitroglycerin).
  • Unstable angina is a more serious form of angina, doesn't go away with rest or medication, and may be a warning sign of a heart attack.

Congestive Heart Failure

  • Congestive heart failure results from impaired structure or function of the ventricles.
  • Left ventricular dysfunction leads to fatigue, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema.
  • Right ventricular dysfunction leads to peripheral or abdominal edema.

Cardiomyopathies

  • Cardiomyopathies are a group of heart muscle diseases that affect heart pumping or electrical signals.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

  • PAD is when the arteries that supply blood to the limbs and pelvis become narrowed (does not affect the heart).
  • Common symptoms include pain, cramping during walking (intermittent claudication), cold limbs, numbness or tingling, lack of hair growth, painful ulcers, and difficulty walking.
  • Left untreated, PAD can lead to gangrene and amputation.
  • Wound care like vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) may be used.

Inflammatory Heart Diseases

  • Endocarditis is a bacterial infection in the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) and heart valves, with symptoms like fever, tiredness, trouble breathing, weight loss, and night sweats.
  • Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, usually caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections.
  • Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (protective sac around the heart); it can occur after a heart attack, open-heart surgery or due to immune system issues, kidney failure, or infections.
  • Cardiac tamponade is a serious condition due to excessive fluid in the pericardium, resulting in heart compression.

Heart Treatments

  • Open heart surgery (CABG) and valve replacement: includes sternotomy and precautions for patient/client care during and after surgery.
  • Angioplasty and atherectomy are minimally invasive procedures to improve blood flow and treat clogged arteries using a catheter with a blade (atherectomy).

Other Heart Conditions and Devices

  • Ventricular assist devices (VADs) support pumping of blood in end-stage heart failure.
  • Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs) augment low cardiac output in cases of heart dysfunction.
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot in a deep vein, often in the legs.
  • Superficial thrombophlebitis is a blood clot just under the skin.
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot traveling to the lungs, blocking blood flow.
  • Compartment syndrome occurs when swelling inside a muscle compartment causes pressure.
  • Gangrene is tissue death from lack of blood supply.
  • Raynaud's syndrome affects blood flow to fingers and toes, often due to cold or stress.

Cardiac Rehabilitation

  • Cardiac rehabilitation focuses on low-level activities, energy conservation, and managing stress in a program for discharge.
  • Intensity of exercises is gradually increased according to metabolic equivalent (MET) levels (light, moderate, and vigorous).
  • Stages of rehabilitation (I, II, III) monitor and encourage self-care activities to recovery phase.

Pulmonary Conditions

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) damages alveoli and airways (e.g., emphysema and chronic bronchitis).
  • Symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath (dyspnea), chronic cough, and low oxygen levels.
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is severe lung injury that causes fluid buildup.
  • Interstitial lung disease (ILD) causes lung tissue scarring.
  • Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder affecting lungs, digestive, and other organs.
  • Obstructive sleep apnea involves repeated breathing pauses during sleep.
  • Pneumonia is a lung infection.

Stages of Heart Disease

  • Heart disease is categorized into classes I-IV based on physical activity limitations.
  • Vital signs, such as blood pressure, are important factors for monitoring heart disease.

MET Levels

  • Medical evaluations are conducted using MET levels (Metabolic Equivalents), based on different activities.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cardiopulmonary conditions and heart diseases. This quiz covers risk factors, treatment strategies for myocardial infarction, and techniques for improving breathing. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of these critical health topics!

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