[PPT] Cardiovascular Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of the Clinical Consult featuring Caren Kristia Adora?

  • Myocardial Ischemia
  • Familial Dyslipidemia (correct)
  • Stages of Atherosclerosis
  • Heart Failure

    • Which topic is discussed immediately after the break in Module 3?

  • Fetal Heart Development
  • Myocardial Ischemia, Necrosis (correct)
  • PAD/DVT
  • Clinical Consult- Hypertension and ACE Inhibitors

    • How long is the discussion following the Clinical Consult on Hypertension and ACE Inhibitors?

  • 20 minutes
  • 10 minutes
  • 5 minutes (correct)
  • 15 minutes

    • Which cardiovascular issue is NOT explicitly mentioned in the Module 3 outline?

    <p>Aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total duration allocated for the Module 3 overview's check-in and quiz review?

    <p>15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the pericardial sac?

    <p>Provides stability of the heart within the thorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pericardial sac contribute to heart function?

    <p>By reducing friction between the heart and mediastinal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an arrythmia?

    <p>An abnormal heart rate or conduction of electrical impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart wall is the thickest?

    <p>Myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function does the pericardial sac NOT perform?

    <p>Acts as a storage area for blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the pain and mechanoreceptors in the pericardial sac serve?

    <p>To detect changes in heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the pericardial sac?

    <p>It stabilizes and protects the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of the pericardial sac?

    <p>Regulating body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cardiac output primarily dependent on?

    <p>Heart rate and stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Frank-Starling Law state about stroke volume?

    <p>Stroke volume increases with increased left ventricular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the resistance the ventricle faces when ejecting blood?

    <p>Afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart wall is the innermost layer?

    <p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does preload refer to in cardiac physiology?

    <p>The volume and pressure in the ventricle at the end of diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diastole represent in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Filling of blood into a chamber of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of valves in the heart?

    <p>To help keep the blood moving forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward?

    <p>Regurgitant valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the heart muscle contract and eject blood?

    <p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a stenotic valve characterized by?

    <p>Failure to open completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electrical activity in relation to the heart?

    <p>It generates and spreads the heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during systole?

    <p>Blood is ejected from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process directly contributes to coronary artery circulation?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of the pericardial sac?

    <p>Limits heart chamber size and reduces friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the heart's contraction?

    <p>Myocardium, composed of cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an arrhythmia indicate about the heart?

    <p>There is an abnormal heart rate or conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of the heart wall structure?

    <p>Pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is primarily associated with left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Orthopnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by elevated filling pressure in the left ventricle?

    <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can exacerbate the situation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

    <p>Reduced left ventricular compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major consequence arises from impaired ventricular filling due to high filling pressures?

    <p>Blood backing up into the left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during systole in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Ejection of blood from a chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located on the right side of the heart?

    <p>Pulmonic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a stenotic valve?

    <p>It does not open fully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ventricular diastole, which valves are open?

    <p>Only the tricuspid and mitral valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of heart valves?

    <p>To keep blood moving in one direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a leaky (regurgitant) valve?

    <p>It does not close tightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valves are closed during ventricular systole?

    <p>Mitral and tricuspid valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the blood flow during a cardiac cycle?

    <p>It moves unidirectionally due to valve actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal heart rate for a Normal Sinus Rhythm?

    <p>60-100 beats/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an ejection fraction (EF) of ≤ 40%?

    <p>Heart failure with reduced EF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of heart failure?

    <p>Cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bradycardia refer to?

    <p>Heart rate below 60 beats/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for heart failure?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>EF ≥ 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atypical symptom may be more commonly presented in elderly patients with heart failure?

    <p>Cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart rate classification for tachycardia?

    <blockquote> <p>100 beats/minute</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) percentage that characterizes heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

    <p>Greater than or equal to 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

    <p>Myocardial cell death or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, what contributes to reduced cardiac output?

    <p>Filling problems of the ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response occurs in the body in reaction to decreased cardiac output in HFrEF?

    <p>Increased preload and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What exacerbates the condition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

    <p>Increased afterload due to hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, what is the main issue with the heart's contractility?

    <p>The heart muscle is weakened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of an elevated heart rate in the context of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

    <p>Reduced time for ventricular filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a causing factor for reduced ejection fraction in heart failure?

    <p>Increased ventricle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism is activated due to reduced cardiac output in heart failure?

    <p>Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do naturetic peptides have on the sympathetic nervous system in heart failure?

    <p>Decrease sympathetic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neprilysin in the context of heart failure?

    <p>To break down naturetic peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of drugs is associated with improving heart failure symptoms through neprilysin inhibition?

    <p>Sacubitril and Valsartan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'reverse remodeling' in heart failure mean?

    <p>Improvement in ejection fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-rEF)?

    <p>LVEF less than or equal to 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do diuretics serve in the management of heart failure?

    <p>Relieve fluid overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of vasoconstriction due to catecholamines in heart failure?

    <p>Increased afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do naturetic peptides contribute to heart failure management?

    <p>They promote natriuresis and vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of left heart failure on renal function?

    <p>Reduced cardiac output to kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System Disorders - Module 3

    • Date: October 10, 2024
    • Module: 3
    • Topic Overview: The module covers disorders of the cardiovascular system, including a review, structure and function of the heart, atherosclerosis, familial dyslipidemia, hypertension, ACE inhibitors, peripheral artery disease (PAD), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), congenital heart disease, acute coronary syndromes (ACS)/myocardial infarction (MI), and various other cardiovascular-related topics.

    Schedule

    • 10:00-10:15: Check in and Module 1 quiz review (15 min)
    • 10:15-10:30: Structure and function of the heart (15 min)
    • 10:30-10:50: Clinical consult - Familial Dyslipidemia (15 min + 5 min discussion); Presented by Caren Kristia Adora
    • 10:55-11:15: Clinical consult - Hypertension and ACE Inhibitors (15 min + 5 min discussion); Presented by Stephanie Wood
    • 11:20-11:30: PAD/DVT (10 min)
    • 11:30-11:45: Break (15 min)
    • 11:45-12:05: Clinical Consult- Fetal Heart Development (15 min + 5 min discussion); Presented by Amanda Rideout
    • 12:10-12:25: Myocardial Ischemia, Necrosis (15 min)
    • 12:25-12:50: Heart Failure (15 min)
    • 12:50-1:00: Practice quiz (10 min)
    • 1:00-1:10: Letter of Information and Wrap Up (10 min)

    Additional Information

    • Module 2 Quiz: Scheduled
    • Lichen Planus: A YouTube video discussion of the condition
    • Heart Anatomy: Diagrams show the inside and outside anatomy of the heart
    • Blood Flow: Video diagrams illustrate blood flow through the heart and the role of valves
    • Heart Valves: Four valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic) are discussed; their function, when open and closed during the cardiac cycle
    • Valve Problems: Examples of aortic stenosis and regurgitation are provided
    • Factors Affecting Cardiac Output: Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate, and the role of the central and autonomic nervous systems are detailed explaining factors affecting cardiac output
    • Frank-Starling Law: Illustrated; describing the relationship between the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers and stroke volume, a key principle in cardiac output regulation
    • Heart Wall: The three layers (epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium) and their functionality of the pericardium, are explained
    • The Electrical System of the Heart: The anatomy and function of the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers
    • Depolarization and Repolarization: The five phases of the cardiac action potential are detailed, including the key ion movements
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG): Describes the ECG and how it relates to cardiac events- with examples
    • Coronary Circulation: Explains the coronary arteries and veins- with an emphasis on their function and importance
    • Coronary Anatomy: Diagrams illustrate the coronary artery course and branching; location in the heart and surrounding structures
    • The Circulatory System: Diagram illustrating the pulmonary and systemic circulations and showing blood flow
    • Blood Vessels (Arteries): Anatomy and types of arteries (elastic and muscular) and their functions
    • Atherosclerosis: Factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Discusses causes and consequences of plaque rupture and risk factors that contribute to disease. Detailed illustrations of stages.
    • Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis: Lists non-modifiable and modifiable factors; including details about metabolic syndrome
    • Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Specific clinical consult on this condition
    • Cholesterol: The roles of cholesterol in the body, different types of lipoproteins, and their cholesterol content
    • Dyslipidemia: Guideline discussion and screening recommendations
    • Apo B vs LDL: Further explanations and support for understanding cardiovascular risk via ApoB
    • Lipoprotein(a): Supplemental information regarding its relationship to LDL, risks, screening/diagnosis, and management.
    • ORION Trial: Information about an ORION Trial- including inclusion criteria
    • Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: Explanation of how these increase cardiovascular disease risk (through ROS)
    • Hypertension: Risk factors, pathophysiology, primary vs secondary, and complications are detailed
    • Malignant Hypertension: Description and factors associated with it
    • Cardiovascular Society Guidelines: Specific guidelines from the Canadian Cardiovascular Society for PAD (Peripheral Artery Disease), Peripheral and Artery Disease, Hypertension
    • Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation with discussion of the 6 P's, claudication, risk assessment- and supplemental learning resources (videos)
    • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms behind DVT and Virchow's triad
    • Clinical Presentation of DVT: Signs such as swelling, pain, and redness; and related diagnostic tools (Well's criteria)
    • Congenital Heart Disease: Overview, classifications (acyanotic vs cyanotic), specific examples like tricuspid atresia, tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus, and ventricular septal defect. Diagrams illustrate anatomy, implications, clinical course, and outcomes.
    • Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Ischemia, Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)/ Myocardial Infarction (MI): Pathophysiology of CAD, risk factors, different types of angina, common symptoms, complications, and management- detailed with diagrams and illustrations
    • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Oxidative Stress: Definition and mechanisms- pathophysiology, role in cell injury, detailed diagrams/figures, with relation to atherosclerosis
    • Myocardial Infarction (MI): Structural and functional heart changes- detailed discussion of zones of infarction, injury, and ischemia- with specific ECG changes described regarding each zone
    • Heart Failure: Overview, with distinctions between left-sided and right-sided heart failure- discussion of systolic vs diastolic heart failure- and compensatory mechanisms explained.
    • Naturetic Peptides: Explanation of naturetic peptides and mechanism in heart failure treatment, including new medications

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    Related Documents

    Module 3. Cardiovascular System Disorders Seminar Slides (October 10, 2024) PDF
    Module 3 CV Slides-UPDATED PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key concepts from Module 3 of the Cardiology course. This quiz covers topics such as hypertension, cardiac output, and the functions of the pericardial sac. Enhance your understanding of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology.

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