Cardiology Overview and Hypertension

<p>Monitor blood pressure every 10 to 15 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underlying medical conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary artery disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seek medical consultation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased oxygen supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing ischemia or infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest X-ray (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consult the patient's physician for adjustment advice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium bicarbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echocardiograph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart murmur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modification of risk factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular physical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echocardiogram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemic stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent thromboembolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients with decompensated heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradyarrhythmia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tooth extraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea on exertion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing oxygen therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No modification needed, can proceed with elective dental care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Give the patient an oral dose of amoxicillin for prophylaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alteration of the patient's medication regimen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent bacterial endocarditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They typically need pre-procedural antibiotic prophylaxis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimizing the risk of ischemia or infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echocardiograph (Echo) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warfarin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Revascularization procedures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consult with the physician for modifications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 days after the event (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart murmur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracranial hemorrhage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium channel blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unchanged oxygen demand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refer the patient to a medical doctor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retro-sternal chest pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular monitoring of blood pressure every 15 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two or more blood pressure readings taken two weeks apart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of myocardial infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of bacterial endocarditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unrepaired congenital heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular physical exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to be placed comfortably (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syncope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral candidiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial fibrillation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Average patients do not need to discontinue medication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valvular heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary congestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifestyle modification and medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered taste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beefy red tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss in obese patients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum methylmalonic acid levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing water intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation of the gastric mucosa by a neutrophilic infiltrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered taste perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic atrophic gastritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysphagia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple superficial erosions that may cause bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xerostomia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unintentional weight loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cobblestone mucosal architecture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent preventive and routine dental care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical steroid therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic gastritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungal infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulomatous inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium bicarbonate mouth rinse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aphthous ulcers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xerostomia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevate the head of the bed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe deficiency of Vitamin-B12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folic acid deficiency anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fecal urgency with bloody diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major and minor aphthous ulcers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated fecal calprotectin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crohn's disease can manifest anywhere in the GI tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hairy leukoplakia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythema nodosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic mucosal inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed healing post-extraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linear deep ulcers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dexamethasone elixir gargle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H.pylori infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indurated lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent preventive and routine dental care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium bicarbonate mouth rinse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of NSAIDs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of normal tissue architecture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrosternal burning pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation with loss of native glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heartburn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erosive gastritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barrett esophagus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hoarseness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diagnosing CAD involves using tools like electrocardiograms (ECG), cardiac enzymes (Troponin, CK-MB), cardiac stress tests, and cardiac catheterization.

Managing CAD includes modifying risk factors, using medications like aspirin and lipid-lowering agents, beta-blockers, CCBs, and nitrates and revascularization procedures such as PCI or CABG.

Dental procedures for CAD patients minimize anxiety, discomfort, and ischemia( reduced blood flow) or infarction (tissue death).

Patients taking blood thinners typically don't need to stop medication for routine dental procedures but high bleeding risk patients may need to consult their physicians.

Heart valve damage leading to heart disease. Stenosis, regurgitation, or mixed valve problems.

Varying signs/symptoms such as heart murmurs, breathlessness, leg swelling, chest pains, fatigue, dizziness, and fainting.

Diagnosing valve problems involves a medical history, physical examination, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and sometimes cardiac catheterization.

Managing valvular disease includes medical interventions and sometimes surgery.

Persistently high blood pressure, a condition where the force of blood against blood vessel walls is consistently too high.

High blood pressure of unknown cause, often related to lifestyle factors.

High blood pressure caused by an underlying medical condition.

Narrowing of the blood vessels supplying the heart, often from atherosclerosis.

Chest pain due to decreased oxygen supply to the heart during increased activity.

Chest pain that occurs with less exertion or even while resting.

Heart attack; death of heart tissue due to blocked blood flow.

Elevated blood pressure that may require medical attention or lifestyle modifications!

Extremely high blood pressure that requires immediate consultation with a medical doctor. Emergency procedure may be required.

A severe, sudden increase in blood pressure that requires prompt medical attention.

Surgical procedure where a damaged heart valve is replaced with a new one, either a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve.

A type of artificial heart valve made of durable materials, requiring lifelong blood thinners to prevent clotting.

A type of artificial heart valve made from animal tissue, typically needing less medication but may need replacement sooner.

A serious infection of the heart's inner lining, often caused by bacteria from the mouth, posing a risk for patients with artificial heart valves.

Preventive antibiotics given before dental procedures to reduce the risk of infective endocarditis in at-risk patients.

Heart defects present at birth, affecting the heart's shape, function, or both.

A condition where the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Includes coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, valvular heart disease, and other factors.

Difficulty breathing when lying down, commonly seen in heart failure.

A blood test used to measure a protein released by the heart, helping to diagnose and monitor heart failure.

Medications used to treat heart failure, improving heart function and reducing strain.

Irregular heartbeats, either too fast (tachyarrhythmia) or too slow (bradyarrhythmia).

The most common sustained arrhythmia, where the heart's upper chambers beat chaotically.

Small implanted devices that regulate the heart's rhythm for patients with slow heartbeats.

A surgical procedure where a diseased heart is replaced with a healthy donor heart.

Hypertension is a condition characterized by persistently high blood pressure, which is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels.

There are two types: primary (essential) hypertension, where the cause is unknown, and secondary hypertension, where it is caused by an underlying medical condition.

Hypertension can lead to serious complications affecting various organs, including the heart (CAD, heart failure, aortic dissection), central nervous system (strokes, intracranial hemorrhage, encephalopathy), kidneys (renal failure), and eyes (retinal changes).

Many patients with hypertension are asymptomatic, meaning they don't experience any symptoms. However, some may experience headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, or blurry vision.

Managing hypertension involves lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss, reducing stress) and pharmacological treatments with medications like beta blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers.

The American Dental Association recommends checking blood pressure before dental procedures. If blood pressure is below 160/100 mmHg, no modifications are needed. If it's above, further evaluation and potential referral to a medical doctor might be necessary. Patients with blood pressure above 180/110 mmHg should be referred to a physician immediately.

Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) involves using tools like electrocardiograms (ECG), cardiac enzymes (Troponin, CK-MB), cardiac stress tests, and cardiac catheterization.

Dental procedures for CAD patients prioritize minimizing anxiety, discomfort, and ischemia( reduced blood flow) or infarction (tissue death).

Patients taking blood thinners for CAD usually don't need to stop medication for routine dental procedures, but high bleeding risk patients may need their doctor's advice.

Common symptoms are heart murmurs, shortness of breath, leg swelling, chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, and even fainting (syncope).

A condition where the force of blood against blood vessel walls is consistently too high.

A measurement of the pressure of blood flowing through the arteries. It's expressed as two numbers, the systolic pressure (heart's contraction) over the diastolic pressure (heart's relaxation).

Dental procedures that are not urgently needed and can be planned ahead of time

Surgical procedure to replace a damaged aortic valve with a new one, often due to a congenital heart defect.

Heart defects present at birth, affecting the heart's shape, function, or both.

Inflammation of the stomach lining. It can be acute (sudden) or chronic (long-lasting).

Sudden inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by irritants like alcohol, spicy food, or bacteria.

Long-term inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, autoimmune disorders, or chronic use of certain medications.

A type of chronic gastritis where the stomach lining thins and loses its ability to produce stomach acid.

A type of gastritis where small ulcers or sores form on the stomach lining.

A condition where stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.

Factors that increase your chances of developing GERD, including smoking, caffeine, alcohol, stress, obesity, pregnancy, and hiatal hernia.

Common symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), chest pain, and coughing.

Symptoms that indicate GERD might be a more serious condition, requiring further investigation. These might include: unexplained weight loss, difficulty swallowing, persistent vomiting, or blood in vomit or stool.

Risk factors include chronic GERD, obesity, smoking, long-term use of PPIs, male gender, and family history of Barrett's esophagus.

Treatment with medications, primarily Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in standard doses.

Altered taste perception, often a symptom of GERD.

Managing dental issues related to GERD using sodium bicarbonate mouth rinses, topical fluoride, and salivary substitutes, while also advising patients on fluid intake.

Crohn's disease can affect the mouth, causing persistent ulcers, cobblestone mucosal architecture, swelling of the lips and face, and polypoid tag-like lesions in the vestibule.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, like Crohn's, require frequent dental checkups and preventive care due to increased oral health risks.

Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa, often caused by bacteria (H. pylori), NSAID use, or other factors.

Gastritis can have various causes, including bacterial, viral, fungal, alcohol, medications, systemic diseases, immune-mediated, and other factors.

This refers to a specific appearance of the intestinal lining in Crohn's disease, characterized by raised, cobblestone-like areas separated by fissures or ulcers.

These are mushroom-shaped growths that can appear in the mouth, particularly in the vestibule, in individuals with Crohn's disease.

For patients with inflammatory bowel disease, regular dental appointments are crucial to monitor oral health and manage potential complications.

These are treatments used to relieve symptoms of oral lesions associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

An inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the rectum, colon, and cecum. It often causes bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fecal urgency.

An inflammatory bowel disease of unclear origin. Unlike ulcerative colitis, it can affect any part of the digestive tract, not just the colon. It often causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Ulcerative colitis can manifest in the mouth with aphthous ulcers, pyostomatitis vegetans, and hairy leukoplakia.

A form of oral manifestation of ulcerative colitis characterized by purulent inflammation of the mouth, commonly seen on the buccal and labial mucosa.

Inflammatory bowel diseases can affect organs outside the digestive tract, including the skin, eyes, joints, and mouth.

A characteristic feature of Crohn's disease, where the intestinal lining appears like raised, cobblestone-like areas.

A condition where stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.

Conditions that increase the risk of developing Barrett's esophagus, a serious complication of GERD. These include chronic GERD, obesity, smoking, long-term PPI use, male gender, and family history.

An altered or distorted taste perception, often experienced by patients with GERD due to acid reflux.

A condition called pernicious anemia, caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach.

Crohn's disease can affect the mouth, leading to persistent ulcers, a cobblestone pattern on the mucosal lining, swelling of the lips and face, and polypoid tag-like lesions in the vestibule.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, like Crohn's, require frequent dental checkups and preventive care due to increased risk of oral health problems.

These are mouth rinses used to soothe and relieve symptoms of oral lesions associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

These are medications applied directly to the mouth to reduce inflammation and heal oral lesions in IBD patients.