Cardiology Exam Questions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following symptoms are commonly associated with cardiac issues?

Nausea and skin rashes

Chest pain and shortness of breath (correct)

Leg cramps and headaches

Frequent urination and fatigue

Which of the following is considered a reversible risk factor for cardiac disease?

Cigarette smoking (correct)

Male gender

Old age

Family history

What is the significance of a patient describing the quality and location of their symptoms?

It eliminates the need for further testing.

It assists in developing a long-term treatment plan. (correct)

It determines the type of medication needed.

It helps confirm the need for surgery.

Which of the following is not a major risk factor for heart disease?

High self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What does an orthopneic posture indicate in a cardiovascular examination?

Severe respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with a bluish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes?

Cyanosis Signup and view all the answers

What does orthopnea indicate in a patient during a cardiac examination?

Left heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which posture is associated with congestive heart disease (CHD)?

Squatting Signup and view all the answers

Which physical examination finding suggests peripheral vascular issues?

Palpation of peripheral pulses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to a tall stature and sternum depression in patients?

Marfan syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What does the S4 heart sound indicate?

Blood being forced into a stiff ventricle Signup and view all the answers

How is heart murmurs created during the cardiac cycle?

Through turbulent blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)?

To assess exercise tolerance and functional reserves Signup and view all the answers

What does CPET evaluate in terms of the body systems?

Integrative exercise responses across different systems Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise stimulus is typically used during CPET?

Progressively increased stimulus applied on large muscle groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indication for cardiopulmonary exercise testing?

Assessment of mental cognitive function Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of the exercise testing method used in CPET?

Measuring physiological response against recognized standards Signup and view all the answers

What does CPET offer in terms of clinical decision-making?

Offers relevant information through dynamic physiologic overview Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the increase in ventilation during low levels of exercise in healthy individuals?

Increased tidal volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of cardiopulmonary exercise testing?

To evaluate the organs and systems involved in the exercise response Signup and view all the answers

At what percentage of vital capacity does tidal volume usually plateau during exercise?

50 to 60% Signup and view all the answers

Which peak respiratory exchange ratio (RER) value is widely accepted as an excellent indicator of exercise effort?

1.10 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a protocol used in exercise testing?

Static metabolic rate test Signup and view all the answers

What type of test is the 12-Minute Walk Test primarily based on?

Self-paced physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) per 3.5 mL O2/kg/min increase in VO2 during exercise?

10 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

In exercise testing, what is a characteristic of the discontinuous protocol?

It consists of short periods of exercise followed by rest Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT considered an absolute endpoint during exercise testing?

Moderate dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Why is peak heart rate (HR) not recommended as the primary gauge of effort during exercise?

It is highly variable among individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is typically evaluated with the performance submaximal tests?

Responses to standardized physical activities in daily life Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Modified Bruce Treadmill Test?

It consists of stages that increase gradually over predetermined timeframes. Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during exercise?

Decreases or remains the same Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment is required for conducting the 12-Minute Walk Test?

A corridor measuring approximately 20 meters in length Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the respiratory frequency (fR) as exercise intensity progresses beyond 70 to 80% of peak effort?

It dominates tidal volume (VT) increases Signup and view all the answers

During the 12-Minute Walk Test, how often should encouragement phrases be delivered?

Every 30 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What does 1 MET represent in terms of oxygen consumption?

3.5 ml O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a successful maximal exercise test?

Obtaining HR max within 10 beats per minute of age-predicted HR max Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of submaximal exercise testing?

It allows for assessment of those limited by pain and fatigue. Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise test does the Modified Bruce Treadmill Test fall under?

Predictive submaximal test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Total Oxygen Consumption (VO2)?

It mainly represents the work of peripheral skeletal muscles. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the limitations of maximal performance assessments?

Musculoskeletal impairments can significantly limit performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of submaximal exercise tests?

To help diagnose and assess functional limitations Signup and view all the answers

Why are maximal exercise tests not always the preferred choice in evaluations?

They require higher motivation and can be exhausting. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiac Examination

The heart is located in the mediastinum, behind the sternum, and tilted slightly to the left. It rests on the diaphragm.
The heart weighs approximately 250-350 grams (about 1 pound).
The heart is divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
The atria are separated by the interatrial septum, and the ventricles are separated by the interventricular septum.
The heart has valves that regulate blood flow: the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves.
The atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral) and semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) ensure unidirectional blood flow

Cardiac Cycle

The heart functions as a double pump, circulating blood throughout the body (systemic circulation) and to the lungs (pulmonary circulation).

CXR (Chest X-ray)

A normal chest x-ray (CXR) shows the heart's position and size.

Heart's position in thorax

The base of the heart is located at the level of the 2nd rib.
The apex of the heart is located at the level of the 5th intercostal space, lateral to the midclavicular line.
The heart lies within the ribs, and its borders are defined by the superior and inferior borders, left and right borders

Cardiac Examination: Subjective and Objective

Subjective: Examining the patient through interviewing, open-ended questions, and gathering symptoms related to the heart (dyspnea, chest pain, palpitation, syncope, cough, and hemoptysis).
Objective: Assessing the patient physically, including general and local cardiac examinations. Specific tests like ECG, chest radiographs, and echocardiography are used.

Patient Interview

Medical record review.
Determine the overall cognition of the patient.
The patient should describe symptoms on their own words, their quality, and location

Cardiac History

Patients should have knowledge of their risk factors to enable the therapist to develop realistic long term goals.
Assessing risk factors for heart disease, such as hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, stress, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, old age, male gender, high cholesterol, and family history.

Cardiac Risk Factors

Reversible: Sedentary lifestyle, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity.
Irreversible: Age, male gender, and family history of vascular disease.

General Cardiac Examination

Physical development (body build).
Posture (orthopneic and prayer's postures).
Vital signs (heart rate (HR), respiration, and blood pressure (BP)).
Color (pallor, malar flush, cyanosis).
Finger clubbing.
Edema.
Nodules.
Fever.
Height and Weight (Dwarfism, Marfan syndrome, and Aortic Incontinence)

Palpation of Peripheral Pulses

Methods for examining peripheral pulses (e.g., carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses).

Examining the Venous Pressure

How to evaluate jugular venous pressure to assess cardiac function.

Local Cardiac Examination

Shape of the precordium (bulging and deformities).
Apex beat location.
Abnormal pulsations (e.g., thrills).
Methods for identifying and locating these features.

Auscultation

Listening to heart sounds (S1 and S2)
Localization, timing, intensity of heart sounds and additional sounds (S3 and S4).
Additional heart sounds (murmurs).

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)

A tool for assessing exercise tolerance and the functional reserve of organ systems.
Methods for conducting CPET. Types of tests, (Maximal and Submaximal)
Important measurements during CPET (Vo2 Max, Aerobic exercise progression, Anaerobic Threshold, Ventilation, Peak respiratory exchange ratio (RER), Exercise heart rate (HR), Exercise blood pressure (BP))
Indications and contraindications for CPET.
Normal response to exercise
Equipment and Methodology.
Differences between Cycle Ergometer and Treadmill

Thank You

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts related to cardiac health with this quiz. It covers symptoms, risk factors, examination findings, and diagnostic tests relevant to cardiology. Perfect for those studying cardiovascular disease.